Significant improvement in Curie temperature and piezoelectric properties of BaTiO₃with minimum Pb addition

Abstract

Dense Ba 1-x Pb x TiO 3 (x = 0-0.20) samples (>90% TD) were fabricated through a solid-state reaction route involving wet ball milling for 24 h and calcination at 1150°C for 4 h, followed by sintering at 1300°C for 4 h. XRD results for all the samples revealed a tetragonal perovskite (P4mm) crystal structure. Increased substitution of Pb caused monotonic growth in the tetragonality character of the perovskite phase. Although, the value of ε r ʹ dropped from an initial value of 3000 for x = 0 (pure BaTiO 3) to 400 for x = 0.20 samples, the losses (tanδ) interestingly declined almost to half. A substantial increase in the Curie temperature from 120°C for x = 0°C to 180°C for x = 0.15 samples was noted. P-E loop analysis revealed an increase in the saturation polarization by almost 1.5 times, moreover, in the remnant polarization by six times with Pb-substitution. The d 33 values demonstrated an increase from 95 pC/N for pure BaTiO 3 samples to 220 pC/N for x = 0.15 samples.

Effect of phase distribution on dielectric properties of ferroelectric-dielectric composite ceramics

“…With extending milling time, the Curie peaks become narrower while the ε max gradually increases in all samples. The dielectric permittivity increases and dielectric peak becomes diffuse as the grain size of BST increases according to previous research [16]. From Figure 5, grain size gradually decreases with the extending of milling time; therefore, one of the possible reasons for the change of dielectric peaks is the transform of phase distribution.…”

“…Therefore, one big reason for the increase in tunability is the transition of phase distribution, corresponding to increase in tunability in Tagantsev's simulation when there is reduction in the layered structure. Of course, well-homogeneous microstructure and grain size decrease are also possible reasons for high tunability [16,21].…”

Structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of Cu2+- and Cu2+/Bi3+-doped BCZT lead-free ceramics: a comparative study

“…The EDX analysis reveals the presence of all elements in an appropriate amount in arbitrarily selected regions and no impurity elements have been detected. A deviation in the theoretical and experimental elemental compositions has been observed (given in the inset tables in EDX spectra), which may be attributed either due to the adopted synthesis process or to the accuracy of the EDX technique [41].…”

“…The ferroelectric properties are highly dependent on size, shape & distribution of grains, the porosity of the material, the generation of oxygen vacancies, etc. [40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. As the remnant polarization is also affected by the porosity of the samples and reported to decrease with the increase in porosity [56,57].…”

Correlation between cubic-based polymorphic phase boundary structures and the piezoelectric properties of 0.96(Na0.5K0.5)(Nb1-xSbx)-0.04BaTiO3 ceramics

“…As the first ever found polycrystalline ceramic that exhibited ferroelectric properties, BaTiO 3 has been paid much attention in the research field of piezoelectric ceramics; and it has been also usually employed to modify the piezoelectric properties of other ceramics (e.g. NKN) [10,12,38]. Furthermore, since barium belongs to the same group with strontium and calcium, a nominal composition of 0.96(Na 0.5 K 0.5 )NbO 3 -0.04BaTiO 3 was chosen as the research target so that a direct comparison could be had with the former reports [18,19].…”