Silicon pixel detectors for X-ray diffraction studies at synchrotron sources

Hall, G.

doi:10.1017/s0033583500003127

Cited by 27 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 56 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The uses and advantages of silicon as a detector medium have been reviewed by Hall [16], Rehak [17], and Lutz [18]. Silicon has good conversion efficiency, resolution, dynamic range, linearity, and uniformity.…”

Section: Silicon Annular-strip Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

A High-Speed One-Dimensional Detector for Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering: Design and Characterization

Lurgio

Drake

Kreps

et al. 2010

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A high-speed one-dimensional detector for time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering has been designed and built for experiments at the Advanced Photon Source of Argonne National Laboratory. This detector is made from a 500-m thick by 150-mm diameter ultra-high-purity n-type silicon wafer. The electrodes, which are a series of concentric rings that are deposited in the wafer, integrate the scattered x-rays over the azimuthal angle and, thereby, produce a one-dimensional detector. This design yields 128 rings, which allows parallel processing of the signal from each ring. The readout electronics consist of transimpedance front-end amplifiers, one for each ring, followed by active pulse-shaping filters. The amplifier signals are digitized using 12-bit analog-to-digital converters, one per ring, which operate at 20 MHz. The frame rate of the system is 271 kHz. Up to 2 20 1 scattering profiles may be stored on a random access memory chip and transferred to a data file at a rate of 16 10 3 profiles/sec. For X-ray energies between 3.5 and 13.2 keV the efficiency exceeds 80%. The resolving time of the electronics is 300 ns, which is sufficient to isolate electronically a single pulse of scattered x-rays when the synchrotron is operated in a hybrid or asymmetric fill pattern. Therefore, laser-pump/x-ray-probe experiments can be performed without a mechanical shutter. Examples of time-resolved speckle and the kinetics of the formation of sodium chloride particles are presented. This detector is capable of acquiring small-angle x-ray scattering profiles over multiple time scales, which are needed to characterize many chemical, physical, and biological processes.In addition, this detector may be tested and calibrated before experimental runs, without access to an intense beam of x-rays, with alpha particles from a radioactive source such as 241 Am.Index Terms-Front-end electronics, silicon-strip detector, small-angle x-ray scattering, time-resolved small-angle x-ray scattering, x-ray detector.

show abstract

Section: Silicon Annular-strip Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

A High-Speed One-Dimensional Detector for Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering: Design and Characterization

Lurgio

Drake

Kreps

et al. 2010

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Other devices that are being developed for x-ray diffraction work, but which as yet are not available as usable x-ray systems are silicon pixel detectors. The potential application of these in time-resolved x-ray diffraction work have recently been reviewed by Hall (1995) and Iles et al (1996).…”

Section: New Developments-microstrip Microgap Ccd and Silicon Pixel D...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-resolved diffraction studies of muscle using synchrotron radiation

Harford

Squire

1997

Rep. Prog. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Muscle contraction is one of those biological phenomena that we can all appreciate in our everyday lives. Sometimes it is when we are resting quietly and are aware of our heartbeat. At other times it may be when we are exerting ourselves and become short of breath, or when we exercise for a long period and our muscles start to ache.The way in which muscles produce force has exercised the minds of philosophers and scientists at least since the days of Erasistratus in the third century BC. Nowadays, of course, we know a very great deal about muscle structure, physiology and biochemistry, but we still do not know exactly what the molecular process is that produces movement. An ideal way of probing this process would be to be able to obtain signals from the relevant molecules as they actually go through their normal force-generating routine in an active muscle. The spatial dimensions involved are in the region of 1-50 nm, thus precluding the use of light microscopy, and the time regime is microseconds to milliseconds. Techniques with the appropriate spatial resolution might be electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, but electron microscopy cannot yet be carried out on living tissue. X-ray diffraction methods can clearly have the right sort of spatial resolution, but what about recording diffraction patterns in the very short times involved (say 1 ms)? It is here that the high flux from synchrotron storage rings comes into its own. Using synchrotron radiation from, say, the SRS at the CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory it is possible to record x-ray diffraction patterns from living muscles in the millisecond time regime and to follow how these diffraction patterns change as the muscles go through typical contraction cycles. Unfortunately, x-ray diffraction is not a direct imaging method; the observed distribution of diffracted intensity needs to be interpreted in some way to give useful information on the spatial relationships of the force-generating molecules.This review details the practical methods involved in recording time-resolved x-ray diffraction patterns from active muscles and the theoretical approaches that are being used to interpret the diffraction patterns that are obtained. The ultimate aim is to produce a series of time-sliced images of the changing molecular arrangements and shapes in the muscle as force is produced; together these images will form 'Muscle-The Movie'.

show abstract

“…Hence, an evolution from photographic film and the single element scintillation counter through to wire chambers, TV detectors, image plates and now charge coupled devices has taken place over a period of 20-30 years. A new device beckons, the pixel detector (Hall, 1995), which is silicon based (like CCDs), but each pixel has an independent counting chain. A large pixel array (e.g.…”

Section: Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends and Challenges in Experimental Macromolecular Crystallography

Chayen

Boggon

Cassetta

et al. 1996

Quart. Rev. Biophys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Macromolecular X-ray crystallography underpins the vigorous field of structural molecular biology having yielded many protein, nucleic acid and virus structures in fine detail. The understanding of the recognition by these macromolecules, as receptors, of their cognate ligands involves the detailed study of the structural chemistry of their molecular interactions. Also these structural details underpin the rational design of novel inhibitors in modern drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, from such structures the functional details can be inferred, such as the biological chemistry of enzyme reactivity. There is then a vast number and range of types of biological macromolecules that potentially could be studied. The completion of the protein primary sequencing of the yeast genome, and the human genome sequencing project comprising some 105 proteins that is underway, raises expectations for equivalent three dimensional structural databases.

show abstract

Silicon pixel detectors for X-ray diffraction studies at synchrotron sources

Cited by 27 publications

References 56 publications

A High-Speed One-Dimensional Detector for Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering: Design and Characterization

A High-Speed One-Dimensional Detector for Time-Resolved Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering: Design and Characterization

Time-resolved diffraction studies of muscle using synchrotron radiation

Trends and Challenges in Experimental Macromolecular Crystallography

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About