Similar Inflammatory Responses following Sprint Interval Training Performed in Hypoxia and Normoxia

Richardson, Alan; Relf, Rebecca; Saunders, Arron; Gibson, Oliver

doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00332

Cited by 14 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In the present study SpO 2 averaged 97% at rest and was maintained between 93-95% during NORM exercise. (Richardson et al 2016). In that study, SpO 2 was maintained at ~97% during sprint interval training in normoxia,…”

Section: Systems-level Physiological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Prolonged treadmill running in normobaric hypoxia causes gastrointestinal barrier permeability and elevates circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines

Hill

Gillum

Lee

et al. 2020

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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This study examined the impact of treadmill running in normobaric hypoxia on gastrointestinal barrier permeability and the systemic inflammatory response. Ten recreationally active participants completed two 1-h bouts of matched-workload treadmill exercise (65% normoxic maximal oxygen consumption) in counterbalanced order. One bout was performed in normoxia (NORM: fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) = 20.9%) and the other in normobaric hypoxia (HYP: FIO2 = 13.5%). Minute ventilation, respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (VT), oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and heart rate (HR) were measured with a metabolic cart. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) was measured with pulse oximetry. Absolute tissue saturation (StO2) was measured with near-infrared spectroscopy. Fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and circulating cytokine concentrations (interleukin (IL)-1Ra, IL-6, IL-10) were assayed from plasma samples that were collected pre-exercise, postexercise, 1 h-postexercise, and 4 h-postexercise. Data were analyzed with 2-way (condition × time) repeated-measures ANOVAs. Newman–Keuls post hoc tests were run where appropriate (p < 0.05). As compared with NORM, 1 h of treadmill exercise in HYP caused greater (p < 0.05) changes in minute ventilation (+30%), RR (+16%), VT (+10%), carbon dioxide production (+18%), RER (+16%), HR (+4%), SpO2 (–16%), and StO2 (–10%). Gut barrier permeability and circulating cytokine concentrations were also greater (p < 0.05) following HYP exercise, where I-FABP was shown increased at postexercise (+68%) and IL-1Ra at 1 h-postexercise (+266%). I-FABP and IL-1Ra did not change (p > 0.05) following NORM exercise. IL-6 and IL-10 increased with exercise in both study conditions but were increased more (p < 0.05) following HYP at postexercise (+705% and +127%, respectively) and 1 h-postexercise (+400% and +128%, respectively). Novelty Normobaric hypoxia caused significant desaturation and increased most cardiopulmonary responses by 10%–30%. Significant gut barrier permeability and increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations could promote an “open window” in the hours following HYP exercise.

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Section: Systems-level Physiological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…whereas it progressively decreased (p<0.05) across six WAnT that were performed in hypoxia (from 86% on WAnT 1 to 77% on WAnT 4) (Richardson et al 2016). Despite those large differences in SpO 2 , no differences in HR were shown between groups (Richardson et al 2016).…”

Section: Systems-level Physiological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Prolonged treadmill running in normobaric hypoxia causes gastrointestinal barrier permeability and elevates circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines

Hill

Gillum

Lee

et al. 2020

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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“…The greater effort evoked during SIT stimulates a transient metabolic disturbance (i.e., greater O 2 and lactate accumulation), which will promote the activation of signaling proteins necessary for training-induced adaptation ( Gibala et al, 2009 ; MacInnis and Gibala, 2017 ). Also, a SIT session promotes a transient, rich milieu of pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling cytokines, such as interleukins (IL)-6 and IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α ( Richardson et al, 2016 ), which may induce immune system adaptations to SIT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the chronic effect of SIT on anti-inflammatory status has received limited attention. The few existing studies have reported conflicting results regarding the effects of a brief period of SIT on the exercise-induced inflammatory profile ( Hovanloo et al, 2013 ; Richardson et al, 2016 ). In those studies, 2 weeks of SIT (4–7 × 30-s sprint/240-s rest) either did not affect the late (48 h) post-exercise IL-6 and IL-10 response ( Hovanloo et al, 2013 ) or promoted a greater post-exercise increase in both IL-6 and TNF-α ( Richardson et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Acute and Chronic Sprint-Interval Training on Cytokine Responses Are Independent of Prior Caffeine Intake

et al. 2018

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We examined the effect of acute and chronic sprint interval training (SIT), with or without prior caffeine intake, on levels of exercise-induced inflammatory plasma cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α]. Twenty physically-active men ingested either a placebo (n = 10) or caffeine (n = 10) 1 h before each SIT session(13-s × 30-s sprint/15 s of rest) during six training sessions (2 weeks). The early (before, immediately after, and 45 min after the exercise) and late (24 and 48 h after the exercise) cytokine and creatine kinase (CK) responses were analyzed for the first and last training sessions. Plasma IL-6 and IL-10 peaked 45 min after the exercise, and then returned to basal values within 24 h (p < 0.05) in both groups on both occasions (p > 0.05). On both occasions, and for both groups, plasma TNF-α increased from rest to immediately after the exercise and then decreased at 45 min before reaching values at or below basal levels 48 h after the exercise (p < 0.05). Serum CK increased from rest to 24 and 48 h post-exercise in the first training session (p < 0.05), but did not alter in the last training session for the PLA group (p > 0.05). Serum CK was unchanged in both the first and last training sessions for the CAF group (p > 0.05). Two weeks of SIT induced a late decrease in the IL-6/IL-10 ratio (p < 0.05) regardless of caffeine intake, suggesting an improved overall inflammatory status after training. In conclusion, a single session of SIT induces muscle damage that seems to be mitigated by caffeine intake. Two weeks of SIT improves the late SIT-induced muscle damage and inflammatory status, which seems to be independent of caffeine intake.

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“…The obtained results were analyzed for total work (TW), peak power output (PPO), mean power output (MPO), end power output (EPO), time to PPO (Bar-Or, 1987 ). Fatigue index (FI) was determined by taking the percentage difference between PPO and EPO (Richardson et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Changes After 2 Weeks of 10-s Sprint Interval Training With Various Recovery Times

et al. 2018

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of applying two different rest recovery times in a 10-s sprint interval training session on aerobic and anaerobic capacities as well as skeletal muscle enzyme activities.Methods: Fourteen physically active but not highly trained male subjects (mean maximal oxygen uptake 50.5 ± 1.0 mlO2·kg−1·min−1) participated in the study. The training protocol involved a series of 10-s sprints separated by either 1-min (SIT10:1) or 4-min (SIT10:4) of recovery. The number of sprints progressed from four to six over six sessions separated by 1–2 days rest. Pre and post intervention anthropometric measurements, assessment of aerobic, anaerobic capacity and muscle biopsy were performed. In the muscle samples maximal activities of citrate synthase (CS), 3-hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase (HADH), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase (CPT), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and its mitochondrial form (mMDH), as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined. Analysis of variance was performed to determine changes between conditions.Results: Maximal oxygen uptake improved significantly in both training groups, by 13.6% in SIT10:1 and 11.9% in SIT10:4, with no difference between groups. Wingate anaerobic test results indicated main effect of time for total work, peak power output and mean power output, which increased significantly and similarly in both groups. Significant differences between training groups were observed for end power output, which increased by 10.8% in SIT10:1, but remained unchanged in SIT10:4. Both training protocols induced similar increase in CS activity (main effect of time p < 0.05), but no other enzymes.Conclusion: Sprint interval training protocols induce metabolic adaptation over a short period of time, and the reduced recovery between bouts may attenuate fatigue during maximal exercise.

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Similar Inflammatory Responses following Sprint Interval Training Performed in Hypoxia and Normoxia

Cited by 14 publications

References 54 publications

Prolonged treadmill running in normobaric hypoxia causes gastrointestinal barrier permeability and elevates circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines

Prolonged treadmill running in normobaric hypoxia causes gastrointestinal barrier permeability and elevates circulating levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines

The Effects of Acute and Chronic Sprint-Interval Training on Cytokine Responses Are Independent of Prior Caffeine Intake

Adaptive Changes After 2 Weeks of 10-s Sprint Interval Training With Various Recovery Times

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