Simple and Choice Reaction Time Methods in the Study of Motor Programming

Klapp, Stuart T.; Abbott, Jennifer A. Maddox; Coffman, Katherine; Greim, David M.; Snider, Robert L.; Young, F.J.

doi:10.1080/00222895.1979.10735177

Cited by 47 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…· As for sequence length, ·RT began to asymptote beyond four responses with late transition sequences as well as sequences containing two or three different postures which was inconsistent with the Sternberg, Mansell, Knoll, and Wright (1978) studies. Nonmonotonic ef· fects of sequence' length on RT have been reported elsewhere (Hulstijn & van Galen, 1983;Klapp et al, 1979), and a recent typing study showed that the latency of the first keystroke was independent of word length (Salthouse, 1984). Thus, linear sequence length effects may be less general and may only under special circumstances extend beyond four responses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Programming Sequences of Hand Postures

Harrington

Haaland²

1987

Journal of Motor Behavior

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The extent to which complex skills are programmed before movement is a concern for research in motor control. This study investigates a model which maintains that after a motor program is constructed, only the first response in a sequence is programmed prior to movement (Sternberg, Monsell, Knoll, & Wright, 1978). In a simple reaction time paradigm, subjects executed sequences of hand postures that varied in length, the number of different hand postures, and the location of a hand posture transition. For sequences containing repetitions of the same hand posture, sequence length had a small effect on RT when the number of responses ranged between two and five (Experiment 1) and no effect when the number of responses ranged between three and five (Experiment 2). For sequences containing clearly different hand postures, Experiment 2 showed that RT was influenced by the type of hand posture beyond the first response. The analysis of interresponse times suggested that the first two responses were completely preprogrammed before movement. These results were consistent with a model in which responses are hierarchically organized and some but not all information about each response in the sequence is preprogrammed before movement execution.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Programming Sequences of Hand Postures

Harrington

Haaland²

1987

Journal of Motor Behavior

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“…RT increases with the number of motor chunks (Henry & Rogers, 1960;Klapp et al, 1979;Rhodes et al, 2004;Sternberg, Monsell, Knoll, & Wright, 1978;van Mier & Hulstjin, 1993), so we expected longer RT with more motor chunks. If words are typed as single chunks, there should be no string length effect in RT to words.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In both Experiments 1 and 2, we examined chunking in motor planning. RT increases with the number of motor programs, or motor chunks, that need to be retrieved and loaded into a motor buffer (e.g., Henry & Rogers, 1960;Klapp et al, 1979). Experiments 3 and 4 investigated the effect of altering haptic feedback on hierarchical control in motor planning and STM.…”

Section: The Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pushing typists back on the learning curve: Revealing chunking in skilled typewriting.

Yamaguchi¹,

Logan²

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Theories of skilled performance propose that highly trained skills involve hierarchically structured control processes. The present study examined and demonstrated hierarchical control at several levels of processing in skilled typewriting. In the first two experiments, we scrambled the order of letters in words to prevent skilled typists from chunking letters, and compared typing words and scrambled words. Experiment 1 manipulated stimulus quality to reveal chunking in perception, and Experiment 2 manipulated concurrent memory load to reveal chunking in short-term memory (STM). Both experiments manipulated the number of letters in words and nonwords to reveal chunking in motor planning. In the next two experiments, we degraded typing skill by altering the usual haptic feedback by using a laser-projection keyboard, so that typists had to monitor keystrokes. Neither the number of motor chunks (Experiment 3) nor the number of STM items (Experiment 4) was influenced by the manipulation. The results indicate that the utilization of hierarchical control depends on whether the input allows chunking but not on whether the output is generated automatically. We consider the role of automaticity in hierarchical control of skilled performance.

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“…The fact that word size can influence both simple and choice reaction times is interesting, since it is argued that simple reaction times do not reflect influences of speech planning as such (e.g., Klapp et a}., 1979;Sheridan, 1981). In fact, a simple reaction time task is often used to avoid influences that are related to speech planning (cf.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, a simple reaction time task is often used to avoid influences that are related to speech planning (cf. Hulstijn, 1987;Klapp et al, 1979;Ludlow, 1991;Sternberg et a(., 1978;Watson & Alfonso, 1983. How then to explain the effect of word size on both simple and choice reaction times?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

From Planning to Articulation in Speech Production: What Differentiates a Person Who Stutters From a Person Who Does Not Stutter?

Lieshout

Hulstijn²,

Peters

1996

J Speech Lang Hear Res

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The main purpose of the present study was to differentiate between people who stutter and control speakers regarding their ability to assemble motor plans and to prepare (and execute) muscle commands. Adult males who stutter, matched for age, gender, and educational level with a group of control speakers, were tested on naming words and symbols. In addition, their ability to encode and retrieve memory representations of combinations of a symbol and a word, was tested in a recognition task, using manual reaction times and sensitivity scores, as defined in signa! detection theory, as performance measures. Group differences in muscle command preparation were assessed from electromyographic recordings of upper lip and lower lip. Results indicated no interaction between group and word size effects in choice reaction times or a group effect in the ability to recognize previously learned symbol-word combinations. However, they were significantly different in the timing of peak amplitudes in the integrated electromyographic signals o f upper lip and lower lip (IEMG peak latency). Findings question the claim that people who stutter have problems in creating abstract motor plans for speech. In addition, it is argued that the group differences in IEMG peak latency that were found in the present study might be better understood in terms of motor control strategies than in terms of motor control deficits.

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Simple and Choice Reaction Time Methods in the Study of Motor Programming

Cited by 47 publications

References 12 publications

Programming Sequences of Hand Postures

Programming Sequences of Hand Postures

Pushing typists back on the learning curve: Revealing chunking in skilled typewriting.

From Planning to Articulation in Speech Production: What Differentiates a Person Who Stutters From a Person Who Does Not Stutter?

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