Simple classification of renal calculi closely related to their micromorphology and etiology

Extracellular Ca2+ Sensing in Salivary Ductal Cells

“…Relatively higher concentration of [Ca 2ϩ ] could be causative in the formation of calcium deposits that consists of mainly calcium phosphate (8,(45)(46)(47)(48). It is important to note that in tissues such as kidney, stone formation is associated with changes in calcium reabsorption (49). In salivary glands, such deposits cause ductal obstruction leading to decreased saliva flow (45,48), a condition that often leads to infection (sialoadenitis).…”

Components of Urinary Crystallites in 56 Cases of Patients with Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones

“…This result is observed because PO 4 3-, CO 3 2-, and NH 4+ can combine with Mg 2+ ions adsorbed on the biofilm surface of bacteria; struvite-calcium phosphate precipitates are then formed, thereby providing a nidus for crystal nucleation, growth, and aggregation. Furthermore, calcium phosphates can induce the development of CaOx crystals via heterogeneous nucleation [16]. In an in vitro experiment [17], carbonate apatite has precipitated from urine at pH 6.8 whereas struvite has precipitated from urine at pH >7.2.…”

Nanouric acid or nanocalcium phosphate as central nidus to induce calcium oxalate stone formation: a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy study on urinary nanocrystallites

“…This can be explained by the combination of PO 4 3-, CO 3 2-, and NH 4 + in the urine with Mg 2+ in the surface of a bacterial capsule, then precipitated struvite CaP in the presence of bacterial capsule, which served as nucleation, growth, and aggregation sites for struvite crystals, whereas CaP crystals could induce the development of CaOx crystals by heterogeneous nucleations. 16 For UA stones, EDS detected the prominent absorption peaks of C (41.92%), N (38.64%), and O (19.62%). 13 In addition, the prominent peaks of S, C, O, and Ca were observed by EDS for cystine calculi.…”