Simulated response of MuTe, a hybrid Muon Telescope

Abstract

In this paper we present a complete and detailed computational model of the response of the hybrid Muon Telescope (MuTe), designed to perform muography volcanic studies. This instrument combines two particle detection techniques: first, a muon hodoscope based on two panels of plastic scintillator bars; and a Water Cherenkov detector located behind the rear scintillator panel acting both as a coincidence and a discriminating detector. The simulation model includes: materials, geometries, dimensions, and the photo-sensitiveness of the detectors. The simulation results, in agreement with the measured data, were used to set up the muon detector trigger for the expected energy dependent signal.

Simulated Annealing for volcano muography

“…Notice that there are regions where the incoming muon flux is absorbed due to the volcano's geometry, and some of the distances travelled could easily exceed 900 meters. The statistics of 100 muons/pixel for the above MuTe configuration is consistent with other more realistic studies ( see references (Vesga-Ramírez et al, 2017;Vásquez-Ramírez et al, 2019b;Peña-Rodríguez et al, 2020;Moss et al, 2018) for further details).…”

“…In this section, we briefly describe our hybrid Muon Telescope, MuTe, and the selected muography observation site at Cerro Machín in the department of Tolima. Details of the instrument operation and calibration are considered in (Vásquez-Ramírez et al, 2019b;Peña-Rodríguez et al, 2019;Peña-Rodríguez et al, 2020), while the reasons in choosing Cerro Machín among 13 other Colombian volcanoes can be found in reference (Vesga-Ramírez et al, 2017).…”

“…Each array (4 cm × 4 cm = 16 cm 2 ) has 900 pixels, giving a surface detection area of 14400 cm 2 . The two panels can be separated up to D = 250 cm (Vásquez-Ramírez et al, 2019b).…”

Characterization of the muography background using the Muon Telescope (MuTe)

“…We performed a particle background characterization by means of Monte Carlo simulations by using the CORSIKA code. The results showed that particles reaching the MuTe are mainly positrons/electrons (∼20 MeV average energy), and muons (∼3 GeV average energy) [15].…”

Modeling and simulation of the R5912 photomultiplier for the LAGO project

“…We carried out simulations using the particle-matter interaction code GEANT4 to characterize the mean incident photon signal on the PMT cathode generated by charged particles crossing the WCD. We injected 10 5 muons of 3 GeV perpendicularly to a 120 cm height WCD [17], [18]. The average number of Cherenkov photons (N γ ) along the path were 46857, 1617 of such photons reach the PMT optical window and the PMT photocathode releases around 203 photoelectrons (N pe = ηN γ ) taking into account the maximum quantum efficiency (η = 22% at 390 nm).…”