“…It is well known that many species of cyanobacteria are able to produce microcystins (MCs) (van Apeldoorn et al, 2007), which can accumulate in the food chain (Xie et al, 2005;Chen et al, 2009a) and negatively affect aquatic organisms, animals, and human beings due to their potent hepatotoxicity and probable tumor promoters (Andersen et al, 1993;Carmichael and Falconer, 1993;Chorus and Bartram, 1999;Matsunaga et al, 1999;Carmichael et al, 2001;Zimba et al, 2001;Chen et al, 2002Chen et al, , 2009bQiu et al, 2007). To date, more than 80 structural analogues of MCs have been identified, and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most frequently detected and the most toxic (Fastner et al, 2002;Briand et al, 2003;Zurawell et al, 2004;Hoeger et al, 2005;Blaha et al, 2009).…”