“…Nonetheless, the existing literature suggests that IA children are at risk, and a significant minority experience long-term difficulties in one or more domains. This is not surprising, since the reasons that children are available for international adoption have often included extreme poverty, social disorganization, and other traumas (Altstein & Simon, 1991;Feigelman & Silverman, 1977, 1983Sokoloff, Carlin, & Pham, 1984). Many IA children experience abuse, neglect, malnutrition, and poor medical care prior to adoption, all of which place them at risk for subsequent disorder (Chisholm, Carter, Ames, & Morison, 1995;Groza, Ryan, & Cash, 2003;Hoksbergen et al, 2003b;Lin, Cermak, Coster, & Miller, 2005;MacLean, 2003;.…”