Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Network Electrodes for the Detection of Fentanyl Citrate

Wester, Niklas; Mynttinen, Elsi; Etula, Jarkko; Lilius, Tuomas; Kalso, Eija; Mikladal, Bjørn; Zhang, Qiang; Jiang, Hua; Sainio, Sami; Nordlund, Dennis; Kauppinen, Esko I.; Laurila, Tomi; Koskinen, Jari

doi:10.1021/acsanm.9b01951

Cited by 39 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…For XAS analysis, SWCNT samples were similarly prepared on a highly conductive (<0.005 Ω cm –1 ) boron-doped Si ⟨100⟩ wafer (Sieger Wafer, Germany). The spectra were recorded at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) according to the protocol described in more detail in ref ( 17 ). The X-ray energies used for carbon (C 1s), oxygen (O 1s), and iron (Fe 2p) were from 260 to 350, 520 to 580, and 695 to 735 eV, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Detection of Oxycodone and Its Main Metabolites with Nafion-Coated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

et al. 2020

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Oxycodone is a strong opioid frequently used as an analgesic. Although proven efficacious in the management of moderate to severe acute pain and cancer pain, use of oxycodone imposes a risk of adverse effects such as addiction, overdose, and death. Fast and accurate determination of oxycodone blood concentration would enable personalized dosing and monitoring of the analgesic as well as quick diagnostics of possible overdose in emergency care. However, in addition to the parent drug, several metabolites are always present in the blood after a dose of oxycodone, and to date, there is no electrochemical data available on any of these metabolites. In this paper, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) electrode and a Nafion-coated SWCNT electrode were used, for the first time, to study the electrochemical behavior of oxycodone and its two main metabolites, noroxycodone and oxymorphone. Both electrode types could selectively detect oxycodone in the presence of noroxycodone and oxymorphone. However, we have previously shown that addition of a Nafion coating on top of the SWCNT electrode is essential for direct measurements in complex biological matrices. Thus, the Nafion/SWCNT electrode was further characterized and used for measuring clinically relevant concentrations of oxycodone in buffer solution. The limit of detection for oxycodone with the Nafion/SWCNT sensor was 85 nM, and the linear range was 0.5–10 μM in buffer solution. This study shows that the fabricated Nafion/SWCNT sensor has potential to be applied in clinical concentration measurements.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have also been used to measure opioid concentrations. 12 − 17 However, only a few studies on electrochemical detection of oxycodone have been published, 12 and to our knowledge, there are currently no reported studies on the electrochemical behavior of oxycodone together with its main metabolites.…”

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Electrochemical Detection of Oxycodone and Its Main Metabolites with Nafion-Coated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

et al. 2020

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“… 33 It has been shown that SWCNT network electrodes have low charging current and enhanced mass transfer, enabling a high signal-to-noise ratio in electrochemical detection. 34 By means of aerosol chemical vapor deposition (CVD), large areas of porous SWCNT electrodes with high conductivity and surface area can be produced. This enables the production of inexpensive disposable SWCNT electrodes on a wide range of substrates including polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disposable Nafion-Coated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Test Strip for Electrochemical Quantitative Determination of Acetaminophen in a Finger-Prick Whole Blood Sample

et al. 2020

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A disposable electrochemical test strip for the quantitative point-of-care (POC) determination of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in plasma and finger-prick whole blood was fabricated. The industrially scalable dry transfer process of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and screen printing of silver were combined to produce integrated electrochemical test strips. Nafion coating stabilized the potential of the Ag reference electrode and enabled the selective detection in spiked plasma as well as in whole blood samples. The test strips were able to detect acetaminophen in small 40 μL samples with a detection limit of 0.8 μM and a wide linear range from 1 μM to 2 mM, well within the required clinical range. After a simple 1:1 dilution of plasma and whole blood, a quantitative detection with good recoveries of 79% in plasma and 74% in whole blood was achieved. These results strongly indicate that these electrodes can be used directly to determine the unbound acetaminophen fraction without the need for any additional steps. The developed test strip shows promise as a rapid and simple POC quantitative acetaminophen assay.

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“…The characteristics such as large surface area, high electrical conductivity and ability to catalyze redox reactions, [1][2][3][4] make CNTs an attractive material for electrochemical sensors. In fact, we have shown that as-fabricated pristine CNTs are a suitable material for the detection of neurotransmitter dopamine [5,6] and analgesics such as oxycodone, [7] fentanyl, [8] morphine and codeine. [9] The main methods for fabricating CNTs are chemical vapor deposition, electric discharge and laser ablation, where transition metal particles (Co, Fe, Ni) are used for catalyzing the growth of CNTs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[15,16] Furthermore, we have extensively studied the suitability of pristine iron containing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) for the detection of various analgesics. [7][8][9] Despite these studies, at this stage, there are no clear indications regarding the required amount of iron that enhances electrocatalysis towards opioids, and whether the electrocatalytic properties of Fe-SWCNTs be improved with simple oxidative pretreatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Electrochemical Oxidation on Physicochemical Properties of Fe‐Containing Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2020

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Metal catalysts are necessary for fabricating carbon nanotubes, but are often considered impurities in the end products, and arduous steps are used to remove catalyst residues from the nanotube structure. However, as metals can be electrocatalytic, instead of removing them we can utilize their role in detection of analgesics. Herein, we study the physicochemical properties of Fe-containing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and the effect of simple oxidative pretreatment on them. We show that a gentle anodic pretreatment i) increased the amount of oxidized Fe nanoparticles, most likely exhibiting phases Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 2 O 3 and ii) effectively removed disordered carbonaceous material from SWCNT bundles surfaces. Pretreatment had only a marginal effect on sensitivity towards analgesics. However, interestingly, selectivity of Fe-SWCNTs towards paracetamol and morphine could be modified with pretreatment. Through this kind of in-depth investigation, we can, to a certain extent, correlate various material properties of SWCNTs with the observed electrochemical performance. This approach allows us to evaluate what factors in SWCNTs truly affect the electrochemical detection of biomolecules.

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Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Network Electrodes for the Detection of Fentanyl Citrate

Cited by 39 publications

References 57 publications

Electrochemical Detection of Oxycodone and Its Main Metabolites with Nafion-Coated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

Electrochemical Detection of Oxycodone and Its Main Metabolites with Nafion-Coated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

Disposable Nafion-Coated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Test Strip for Electrochemical Quantitative Determination of Acetaminophen in a Finger-Prick Whole Blood Sample

Effect of Electrochemical Oxidation on Physicochemical Properties of Fe‐Containing Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

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