Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) as Solid-Contact in All-Solid-State Perchlorate ISEs: Applications to Fireworks and Propellants Analysis

Abstract

Herein, we present reliable, robust, stable, and cost-effective solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for perchlorate determination. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were used as solid-contact material and indium (III) 5, 10, 15, 20-(tetraphenyl) porphyrin chloride (InIII-porph) as an ion carrier. The sensor exhibited an improved sensitivity towards ClO4− ions with anionic slope of −56.0 ± 1.1 (R2 = 0.9998) mV/decade over a linear range 1.07 × 10−6 – 1.0 × 10−2 M and detection limit of 1.8 × 10−7 M. The short-term potential stability and the double-layer capacitance were measured by chronopotentiometric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, respectively. The sensor is used for ClO4− determination in fireworks and propellant powders. The results fairly agree with data obtained by ion chromatography.

Sensor technologies for the detection and monitoring of endocrine-disrupting chemicals

“…Chapartegui-Arias et al (2019), established a zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF) to measure phthalate esters (PAEs) in solution by an optical sensing protocol. In this method, the fluorescence emission intensity of aminopyrine conjugated to the ZIF changed due to the presence of Phthalate.…”

Trace detection and chemical analysis of homemade fuel-oxidizer mixture explosives: Emerging challenges and perspectives

“…Related analytical techniques incorporating sample dissolution include ion selective electrodes (ISE), [48][49][50] electroanalytical sensors, [51] and spectrophotometry. These sensors include a wide array of materials and configurations, including use of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), ionic liquids, or conductive polymer membranes.…”

“…[22,48,49] Recent work by Hassan et al, developed a solid-contact ISE based on SWCNTs and an indium-porphyrin ionophore for the detection of perchlorate from fireworks and propellants (Figure 4). [50] The ISE sensor provided an under 10 second response time and selective detection of perchlorate with no interference from common pyrotechnic fuels (e.g., charcoal, sulfur, aluminum) or binders (e.g., dextrin and lactose). However, relatively extensive sample preparation was completed prior to sample introduction, which hinders the applicability of this class of sensor for fieldable or screening scenarios.…”

The Long-Lasting Story of One Sensor Development: From Novel Ionophore Design toward the Sensor Selectivity Modeling and Lifetime Improvement

“…In the literature, several attempts to avoid the ionophore dimerization have been presented, among them an application of picket-fence porphyrins in which the steric hindrance prevents ionophores’ dimerization within the membrane phase, thus leading to theoretical response slopes [ 6 , 8 ] application of different types of polymeric matrices (other than PVC), such as silicone rubber [ 9 ], polyurethane [ 10 , 11 ], or direct porphyrins’ electropolymerization/copolymerization onto the working electrode surface [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. The covalent attachment of the porphyrin ionophore to the various supports and further incorporation into polymeric matrices, for instance, polymethacrylate [ 19 , 20 ] or Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) [ 21 ], the exploitation of highly lipophilic metalloporphyrin ionophores bearing bulky side moieties, as for instance, Ge(IV)-tert-butyl-tetraphenylporphyrin, Ge(IV)-tBTPP, reported in [ 22 ], or use of Pt-porphyrin ionophores having a coordinated metal with a reduced oxophylicity [ 23 , 24 ], were also studied and permitted to develop the anion-selective potentiometric membrane electrodes and optodes with improved characteristics. Although the abovementioned approaches provided the promising results, the problem of metalloporphyrin dimerization in the membrane phase resulting in the non-Nernstian and sluggish response toward analyte anion has not been completely solved.…”