“…Frank and Bard also highlighted its use as a photocatalyst in the area of water remediation in 1977 [9]. TiO 2 is important in a wide range of commercial applications [10], as a pigment in certain formulations such as paints [11,12], toothpastes and suncreams [13,14] due to its strong white colour and also in various applications such as water splitting [15,16], self-cleaning [17][18][19][20], sterilisation [21], anti-fogging [22], lithography [23], degradation of organic compounds [24,25], and metal corrosion prevention [26,27]. Titanium dioxide occurs in nature in three different crystalline forms; anatase, brookite and rutile, with rutile being the most abundant and thermodynamically stable [28].…”