2010
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.05.019
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Singlet oxygen generation in the presence of titanium dioxide materials used as sunscreens in suntan lotions

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Cited by 61 publications
(40 citation statements)
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“…Frank and Bard also highlighted its use as a photocatalyst in the area of water remediation in 1977 [9]. TiO 2 is important in a wide range of commercial applications [10], as a pigment in certain formulations such as paints [11,12], toothpastes and suncreams [13,14] due to its strong white colour and also in various applications such as water splitting [15,16], self-cleaning [17][18][19][20], sterilisation [21], anti-fogging [22], lithography [23], degradation of organic compounds [24,25], and metal corrosion prevention [26,27]. Titanium dioxide occurs in nature in three different crystalline forms; anatase, brookite and rutile, with rutile being the most abundant and thermodynamically stable [28].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Frank and Bard also highlighted its use as a photocatalyst in the area of water remediation in 1977 [9]. TiO 2 is important in a wide range of commercial applications [10], as a pigment in certain formulations such as paints [11,12], toothpastes and suncreams [13,14] due to its strong white colour and also in various applications such as water splitting [15,16], self-cleaning [17][18][19][20], sterilisation [21], anti-fogging [22], lithography [23], degradation of organic compounds [24,25], and metal corrosion prevention [26,27]. Titanium dioxide occurs in nature in three different crystalline forms; anatase, brookite and rutile, with rutile being the most abundant and thermodynamically stable [28].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nano TiO 2 and ZnO can undergo photocatalitic reactions when exposed to ultraviolet radiation, with the generation of ROS such as O ·− 2 , · OH, and H 2 O 2 [78]; TiO 2 and ZnO extracted from commercial sunscreens can react with some chemicals and cause corrosion to paint surfaces when irradiated with UV rays [79,80]. This photoactivity can present the risk of cellular damage and environmental toxicity.…”
Section: Inorganic Filtersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) was reported to be generated upon irradiation of TiO 2 (Buchalska et al 2010;. Being diamagnetic, this species is not detected by EPR.…”
Section: Generation Of Singlet Oxygenmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, commercial nano-TiO 2 are generally coated with inert materials (Lee et al 2007;Landsiedel et al 2010) which inhibits the formation of radical species and singlet oxygen by preventing the contact of the TiO 2 surface with oxygen and water. However, not all the coatings are equally efficient in preventing the release of surface-derived ROS (Sayes et al 2006;Brezova et al 2005;Carlotti et al 2009;Tiano et al 2010;Buchalska et al 2010). Antioxidant ingredients are also added to the formula to mitigate the oxidative properties of photogenerated ROS (Carlotti et al 2009).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%