Sintering effects on mechanical properties of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites

Bioactive glass/hydroxyapatite composites: Mechanical properties and biological evaluation

“…This occurs because silicatebased glasses release critical concentrations of ions (such as Si, P or Ca) in vivo, which are able to stimulate bone formation and to play an important role both in angiogenesis and in neo-vascularization [11,12]. The improvement in the mechanical properties of HA associated with addition of bioglass is also documented by several authors [13,14]. Probably the main drawback of employing bioglasses in HA-based composites is the high temperature (1200°C ÷ 1300°C) required to sinter these samples, which may cause several adverse effects such as reactions between HA and glass, with the formation of new undesired phases, the decomposition of HA itself [15,16] and the crystallization of the glass, which is expected to decrease or even to inhibit the bioactivity of the final system [17][18][19].…”

The effect of processing parameters and solid concentration on the mechanical and microstructural properties of freeze-casted macroporous hydroxyapatite scaffolds

“…While HA shows desirable properties for applications in tissue engineering, it cannot be used in loadbearing applications due to its poor mechanical properties when compared with other materials, such as titanium [24][25][26]. During recent years, unidirectional freeze-casting has emerged to solve this problem.…”

Appropriate Forming Conditions for Hydroxyapatite-Bioactive Glass Compact Scaffold

“…It has calcium to phosphate ratio of 1.67, which is homologous to natural human bone [6]. However, bulk HA cannot be used as load-bearing implants because of low mechanical properties such as high brittleness [5,[7][8]. For this reason, researchers have previously attempted to combine HA with BG to develop composite biomaterials structure with better mechanical and biological properties [9].…”