SiPM response to long and intense light pulses

Vinogradov, Sergey; Arodzero, A.; Lanza, R.; Welsch, Carsten

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2014.11.079

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…If a microcell is irradiated by two or more photons simultaneously, the resulting current pulse has the same amplitude and duration as that of a single photon. Due to the limited number of microcells and the required recovery time of the SiPMs (210 ns for the SiPMs used in this paper), the dynamic range of SiPMs is typically smaller compared to APDs and PMTs, and linearity of the SiPM response to light intensity is only maintained when the number of optical photons is much less than the number of microcells and the microcells are fully charged [42-43]. When this is not the case, the SiPM signal becomes disproportional to the number of optical photons because some optical photons that would otherwise be detected are incident on microcells that have fired and are not fully charged.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Large-Area SiPM Array for PET Applications

Yang

Bai

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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The performance of an 8 × 8 array of 6.0 × 6.0 mm2 (active area) SiPMs was evaluated for PET applications using crystal arrays with different pitch sizes (3.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.35 mm and 1.2 mm) and custom designed five-channel front-end readout electronics (four channels for position information and one channel for timing information). The total area of this SiPM array is 57.4 × 57.4 mm2, and the pitch size is 7.2 mm. It was fabricated using enhanced blue sensitivity SiPMs (MicroFB-60035-SMT) with peak spectral sensitivity at 420 nm. The performance of the SiPM array was characterized by measuring flood histogram decoding quality, energy resolution, timing resolution and saturation at several bias voltages (from 25.0 V to 30.0 V in 0.5 V intervals) and two different temperatures (5 °C and 20 °C). Results show that the best flood histogram was obtained at a bias voltage of 28.0 V and 5 °C and an array of polished LSO crystals with a pitch as small as 1.2 mm can be resolved. No saturation was observed up to a bias voltage of 29.5 V during the experiments, due to adequate light sharing between SiPMs. Energy resolution and timing resolution at 5 °C ranged from 12.7 ± 0.8% to 14.6 ± 1.4 % and 1.58 ± 0.13 ns to 2.50 ± 0.44 ns, for crystal array pitch sizes of 3.4 mm and 1.2 mm respectively. Superior flood histogram quality, energy resolution and timing resolution were obtained with larger crystal array pitch sizes and at lower temperature. Based on our findings, we conclude that this large-area SiPM array can serve as a suitable photodetector for high-resolution small-animal PET or dedicated human brain PET scanners.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Large-Area SiPM Array for PET Applications

Yang

Bai

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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“…where r is rate of impinging photons and t dead is a certain non-paralyzable dead time accounting for the pixel recovery [9]. Modified versions of the above expressions are being used to describe the response of SiPMs at particular conditions, e.g., arXiv:1905.06032v1 [physics.ins-det] 15 May 2019 [10]- [13]. However, a general analytical model is not available yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Nonlinear Response of Silicon Photomultipliers

Rosado

2019

IEEE Sensors J.

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A statistical model of the nonlinear response of silicon photomultipliers for light pulses of arbitrary shape is described. It allows the calculation of losses of both the photodetection efficiency and gain during pixel recovery periods as a function of the supplied overvoltage by means of a simple numerical integration. Analytical expressions for typical light pulse shapes and for continuous light are also provided. Effects due to correlated noise are included in a single fitting parameter that determines the effective gain of the detector in the linear region. The model has been validated for two different silicon photomultipliers using scintillation light pulses from a LYSO crystal as well as continuous light from a LED. Good agreement is found with experimental data at moderate nonlinearity. The model proves to be applicable to both types of light sources and to describe correctly the overvoltage dependence of the detector response.

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“…3. Reward-renewal Markov process model of the SiPM response to a high-intensity stepfunction light pulse: a) Response components and contributions: probability density function (PDF) of inter-arrival times of potential events, transient pixel recovery process recovering its PDE during "dead time", PDF of actual detected event times; evolution function (mean detection rate) of events after the first detection (plots are given for intensity of 3 phe/pixel/recovery); b) Mean SiPM response as a result of renewal process with a mean detection rate and reward process with a mean gain affected by incomplete recovering of pixels to be compared with experimental results [5]. …”

Section: Gain T Gain T Pde T F Gain T Gain T T T T Dt T Pde T T T T Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiments have been carried out with rectangular pulses (8 ns rise & fall times) of a 440 nm LED with variable intensity [5]. The SiPM signal has been read out without a preamplifier at a 50 Ohm termination to avoid any possible saturation of high amplitude signals in analog bandwidth from DC to 1 GHz.…”

Section: Experimental Studies Of Transient Sipm Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study is an attempt to advance an initial consideration of transient SiPM response to long and intense light pulses [5] based on a dynamical combination of earlier analytical approaches utilizing binomial nonlinearity and nonparalizible dead time models [2]. This attempt is a more comprehensive consideration of a transient SiPM response by modeling it as a reward-renewal Markov process formed by a non-homogeneous Poisson process of photon (and photoelectron) arrivals and the exponential pixel recovery process that is conditional on previous firing of the pixel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges of arbitrary waveform signal detection by Silicon Photomultipliers as readout for Cherenkov fibre based beam loss monitoring systems

Vinogradov¹,

Kastriotou²,

Welsch³

et al. 2016

Proceedings of International Conference on New Photo-Detectors — PoS(PhotoDet2015)

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Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are well recognised as very competitive photodetectors due to their exceptional photon number and time resolution, room-temperature low-voltage operation, insensitivity to magnetic fields, compactness, and robustness. Detection of weak light pulses of nanosecond time scale appears to be the best area for SiPM applications because in this case most of the SiPM drawbacks have a rather limited effect on its performance. In contrast to the more typical scintillation and Cherenkov detection applications, which demand information on the number of photons and/or the arrival time of the light pulse only, beam loss monitoring (BLM) systems utilising Cherenkov fibres with photodetector readout have to precisely reconstruct the temporal profile of the light pulse. This is a rather challenging task for any photon detector especially taking into account the high dynamic range of incident signals (100K -1M) from a few photons to a few percents of destructive losses in a beam line and presumably an arbitrary temporal distribution of photons (localisation of losses).Nevertheless, a number of advantages and ongoing improvements of SiPM technology are considered to be a reasonable ground for this feasibility study of SiPM application in BLM systems. Transient SiPM responses to light pulses over a wide range of intensities have been measured and an analytical model has been applied to describe the results. Non-linearity of SiPMs due to the limited number of pixels and non-instant pixel recovery time is found to be a source of transient and history-dependent distortions of output signals. PhotoDet2015 6 International Conference on New Photo-detectors

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SiPM response to long and intense light pulses

Cited by 24 publications

References 10 publications

Characterization of Large-Area SiPM Array for PET Applications

Characterization of Large-Area SiPM Array for PET Applications

Modeling the Nonlinear Response of Silicon Photomultipliers

Challenges of arbitrary waveform signal detection by Silicon Photomultipliers as readout for Cherenkov fibre based beam loss monitoring systems

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