Skin Cleansing Technique with Disinfectant using Improved High-Velocity Steam-Air Micromist Jet Spray

Abstract

Bacterial infection of skin wounds, as one of the most important and potentially serious conditions (Appelgren et al., 2002) , is of increasing public health concern and causes an enormous medical and financial burden due to the rapid emergence of drug-resistant bacteria (Irwansyah et al., 2015; Mahmoudi and Serpooshan, 2012). Systemically and topically administered antibiotics do not effectively decrease the level of bacteria, due to resistance to antibiotics exhibited by some bacteria, such as multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRP) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) , and formation of biofilms attached on various surfaces (Zhou et al., 2018). Water droplets in a high-velocity steam-air micromist jet spray (HVS-AMJS) (SGM-MX; Aqua Science Co., Yokohama, Japan) have a much stronger impact on a surface than droplets in air, since the kinetic energy of water droplets in steam is much higher than that of droplets in air (Fukuda et al., 2017). Furthermore, the generation and propagation of the shock wave upon impact of the droplets play a significant role in cleansing. Vapour steam cleaners or steam vapour systems are cleansing devices that use steam to quickly dry, cleanse, and sanitize inanimate surfaces (Fukuda et al., 2017). In this study, improved HVS-AMJS installed scattering prevention cover (Aqua Science Co., Yokohama, Japan) was evaluated as a prototype. Bacterial infection of skin wounds can be prevented by properly cleansing. It is expected that cleansing with disinfectants may be more effective than with water or saline. However, disinfectants used as substances in clinical settings, such as povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine gluconate have been demonstrated to be cytotoxic

Safety of Concentrated Bioshell Calcium Oxide Water Application for Surface and Skin Disinfections against Pathogenic Microbes

“…Following drying, the resulting white powder was insoluble; the supernatant of a suspension of this white powder had a pH of 9.6. On the other hand, the pH of a BiSCaO suspension (0.2 wt.% BiSCaO) [18,19,24], dispersion (0.2 wt.% BiSCaO + 0.12 wt.% Na2HPO4) [27], and colloidal dispersion (0.2 wt.% BiSCaO + 0.15 wt.% PP) [28] did not change during 24 h of stirring in open air. These results suggest that the insoluble powder was CaCO3 generated by an interaction between Ca 2+ ions in BiSCaO Water and CO2 in the air, and that the BiSCaO suspension, dispersion, and colloidal dispersion contained insoluble CaO and/or Ca(OH)2 in the form of micro-/nano-particles or precipitates that provide hydroxyl ions (OH -) to maintain the alkaline pH.…”

“…Each aliquot (200 mL) of BiSCaO Water, BiSCaO suspension (0.2 wt.% BiSCaO) [18,19], dispersion (0.2 wt.% BiSCaO + 0.12 wt.% Na 2 HPO 4 ) [27], or colloidal dispersion (0.2 wt.% BiSCaO + 0.15 wt.% PP)) [28] was dispensed into a 500-mL beaker and actively stirring using Digital Stirrer/Hotplate (Corning Japan Inc., Tokyo, Japan) with stirring bar (5 mm in diameter × 50 mm) (As One Corp. Osaka, Japan) for 24 h at room temperature in ambient air. The pH of each BiSCaO formulation was measured (using a bench pH meter; F-52, HORIBA, Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h during the process.…”

“…The recent epidemic of coronavirus disease (COVID- 19), caused by a newly discovered coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is a worldwide crisis [1][2][3]. Some antiseptics/disinfectants, such as ethanol and NaClO, show significant activity with broad microbicidal and antiviral activities, notably, activity against SARS-CoV-2 results from disruption of the viral envelope.…”

“…One of the mechanisms whereby BiSCaO has disinfection activity is likely based on a strong base produced by hydration of CaO with water to be Ca(OH) 2 . Meanwhile, other mechanisms appear to be involved in the disinfection activity of BiSCaO, given the fact that the disinfection activity of CaO towards both total viable bacterial cells (TC) and coliform bacteria (CF) is higher than that of Ca(OH) 2 or NaOH solution at the same pH [18,19]. Significantly, at the same concentrations, BiSCaO has shown to exhibit greater disinfection activity than conventional disinfectants, including HOCl (pH 6.5), NaClO (pH 9.5), povidone-iodine, and chlorhexidine gluconate [18,19].…”

“…It is known that daily cleaning of wounds with HClO solution (pH 6.5) decreases the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bioburden of infected wounds in db/db diabetic mice, but it delays wound healing [9]. To overcome the negative effects of HClO on wound healing, strategies such as the use of chitin-nanofiber sheet-immobilized silver nanoparticles (CNFS/Ag NPs) along with less HClO treatments have been investigated [19][20][21][22][23]. In this context, BiSCaO can remarkably disinfect wounds while maintaining healing; when P. aeruginosa-infected wounds on hairless rats were treated with a BiSCaO suspension (0.2 wt.%, pH 12.3) [24] or a BiSCaO-containing ointment [25] once daily for 3 days with covering the wounds with CNFS, wound healing was enhanced with significant decrease in the P. aeruginosa bioburden [23].…”