Small Cells Integration with the Macro-Cell Under LTE Cellular Networks and Potential Extension for 5G

Alsharif, Mohammed H.; Nordin, Rosdiadee; Shakir, Mohammed; Ramly, Athirah Mohd

doi:10.1007/s42835-019-00173-2

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In this scenario, divergent sensors, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) and crowd sensing technology, will undertake the collaborative function of sensing, collecting and transmitting sensor information via the Internet [2]. Experts report that IoT holds incredible potential for smart homes, smart cities and healthcare applications [3]. Healthcare sectors are foreseen to be capable of generating approximately $1.1-$2.5 trillion in global economic growth annually by 2025 [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Notice of Retraction: Enabling Hardware Green Internet of Things: A review of Substantial Issues

et al. 2024

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Between now and the near future, the Internet of Things (IoT) will redesign the socioecological morphology of the human terrain. The IoT ecosystem deploys diverse sensor platforms connecting millions of heterogeneous objects through the Internet. Irrespective of sensor functionality, most sensors are low energy consumption devices and are designed to transmit sporadically or continuously. However, when we consider the millions of connected sensors powering various user applications, their energy efficiency (EE) becomes a critical issue. Therefore, the importance of EE in IoT technology, as well as the development of EE solutions for sustainable IoT technology, cannot be overemphasised. Propelled by this need, EE proposals are expected to address the EE issues in the IoT context. Consequently, many developments continue to emerge, and the need to highlight them to provide clear insights to researchers on eco-sustainable and green IoT technologies becomes a crucial task. To pursue a clear vision of green IoT, this study aims to present the current state-of-the art insights into energy saving practices and strategies on green IoT. The major contribution of this study includes reviews and discussions of substantial issues in the enabling of hardware green IoT, such as green machine to machine, green wireless sensor networks, green radio frequency identification, green microcontroller units, integrated circuits and processors. This review will contribute significantly towards the future implementation of green and eco-sustainable IoT.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Notice of Retraction: Enabling Hardware Green Internet of Things: A review of Substantial Issues

et al. 2024

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“…For consistency sake, this work adopts MU-MIMO terminology throughout this study. MU-MIMO is already a consolidated technology in which a base station (BS) equipped with 100 antenna elements transmits concurrently to 10 mobile stations (MS) within the 1 ms budget [14,15] as highlighted in Table 1. The performance metrics of MU-MIMO lie towards the successful transmission of data streams while exploiting some spatial degrees of freedom (DoF).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Four-C Framework for High Capacity Ultra-Low Latency in 5G Networks: A Review

et al. 2019

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Network latency will be a critical performance metric for the Fifth Generation (5G) networks expected to be fully rolled out in 2020 through the IMT-2020 project. The multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) technology is a key enabler for the 5G massive connectivity criterion, especially from the massive densification perspective. Naturally, it appears that 5G MU-MIMO will face a daunting task to achieve an end-to-end 1 ms ultra-low latency budget if traditional network set-ups criteria are strictly adhered to. Moreover, 5G latency will have added dimensions of scalability and flexibility compared to prior existing deployed technologies. The scalability dimension caters for meeting rapid demand as new applications evolve. While flexibility complements the scalability dimension by investigating novel non-stacked protocol architecture. The goal of this review paper is to deploy ultra-low latency reduction framework for 5G communications considering flexibility and scalability. The Four (4) C framework consisting of cost, complexity, cross-layer and computing is hereby analyzed and discussed. The Four (4) C framework discusses several emerging new technologies of software defined network (SDN), network function virtualization (NFV) and fog networking. This review paper will contribute significantly towards the future implementation of flexible and high capacity ultra-low latency 5G communications.

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“…However, with a 1 GHz BW and 64 antennas, the EE can be as high as 20.70 Mbits/J, resulting in data rates of up to 7.72 Gbps, as shown in Figure 5. -Large MIMO, is another method that can increase the capacity and EE [21][22][23]. Using Large MIMO technology, providing high multiplexing as well as array gain at the same time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing and evaluating the energy efficiency based on multi-5G small cells with a mm-waves in the next generation cellular networks

Alsharif¹,

Yahya²,

Chaudhry³

2020

IJECE

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This paper evaluates the impact of multi-5G small cell systems on the energy efficiency (EE) in a Fifth Generation (5G) of cellular networks. Both the proposed model and the analysis of the EE in this study take into account (i) the path losses, fading, and shadowing that affect the received signal at the user equipment (UE) within the same cell, and (ii) the interference effects of adjacent cells. In addition, the concepts of new technologies such as large MIMO in millimeter range communication have also been considered. The simulation results show that the interference from adjacent cells can degrade the EE of a multi-cell cellular network. With the high interference the number of bits that will be transferred per joule of energy is 1.29 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz bandwidth and 16 transmit antennas. While, with a 1 GHz bandwidth the transfer rate increases to 5.17 Mb/J. Whereas, with 64 transmit antennas the EE improved to 5.17 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz BW and 20.70 Mb/J with a 1 GHz BW. These results provide insight into the impact of the number of antennas in millimeter range communication and the interference from adjacent cells on achieving real gains in the EE of multi-5G small cells cellular network.

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Small Cells Integration with the Macro-Cell Under LTE Cellular Networks and Potential Extension for 5G

Cited by 23 publications

References 37 publications

Notice of Retraction: Enabling Hardware Green Internet of Things: A review of Substantial Issues

Notice of Retraction: Enabling Hardware Green Internet of Things: A review of Substantial Issues

The Four-C Framework for High Capacity Ultra-Low Latency in 5G Networks: A Review

Analyzing and evaluating the energy efficiency based on multi-5G small cells with a mm-waves in the next generation cellular networks

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