The Four-C Framework for High Capacity Ultra-Low Latency in 5G Networks: A Review

Kelechi, Anabi Hilary; Alsharif, Mohammed H.; Ramly, Athirah Mohd; Abdullah, Nor Fadzilah; Nordin, Rosdiadee

doi:10.3390/en12183449

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 167 publications

(224 reference statements)

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“…That is one of the reasons that the mid-band 3.5 GHz spectrum outperformed the high-band results at 28 GHz spectrum, where the mid-band is more robust in a dense network condition, moving in different speed and able to cover a longer radius in a particular environment. The results showed the same impact as mentioned in use-case family 1 1 [46], where it can increase the efficiency of production lines with low bitrates but with ultra-high reliability for real-time closed loop communication such as robot arms and mobile robots [47] [48].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 64%

Cross-Layer Design and Performance Analysis for Ultra-Reliable Factory of the Future Based on 5G Mobile Networks

2021

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To provide a new level of reliability, latency, and support a massive number of users and smart objects, a new 5G multi-services air interface needs to be addressed for the factory of the future (FoF). However, there are limitations in providing connectivity to a dynamic machine in a factory due to several strict industrial automation requirements. In particular, the strict wireless communication latency and reliability requirements are the major challenges to enable the Industry 4.0 vision. In this paper, a PHY-MAC layer cross-layer model that combines a semi-persistent scheduling at the medium access control layer and NOMA at the physical layer has been proposed to address the limitations. The work extensively investigates the performance of the factory of the future with various considerations of 5G spectrums (in this case 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz), speeds and frequency diversity. In addition, the packet error rate (PER), outage probability and throughput in MAC are evaluated in terms of network density deployment (sparse, moderate, dense), different kinds of speed; 0 km/h, 3 km/h, 7 km/h and 10 km/h, under two 5G frequency spectrums. Through extensive simulations, the considered 5G system parameters produced better results in terms of reliability, where the results showed that the frequency diversity outperformed non-diversity by 2 dB. In a sparse network, the PER results showed better results compared to the dense network density by 2 dB (MMSE), 8 dB (LS-Linear) and 2 dB (LS-Spline). Besides that, robotics in sparse network density and stationary exhibited the best PER results, which is as low as 10 -7 . Moreover, the performance of mid-band frequency outperformed the high-band frequency by 1.8dB (MMSE) in dense condition and 1.5 dB (MMSE) in sparse deployment at PER = 10 -6 . Hence, this study could be a useful insight for the factory of the future services that are utilizing a 5G mid-band spectrum as well as a high-band spectrum.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 64%

Cross-Layer Design and Performance Analysis for Ultra-Reliable Factory of the Future Based on 5G Mobile Networks

2021

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“…(1) Physical layer: nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based OFDM-SCMA [50]. SCMA combines the bit-to-QAM symbol mapping and spreading procedures, and entering bits are immediately mapped to a multidimensional codeword of an SCMA codebook set…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application Layer-Forward Error Correction Raptor Q Codes in 5G Mobile Networks for Factory of the Future

Ramly

Nordin

Abdullah

2022

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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The future communication requirements for industrial automation will differ significantly from existing technologies. Traffic in Industry 4.0 imposes real-time requirements, requiring ultra-reliable communication (URC) with high reliability and minimal latency. The demand for ultra-high reliability as high as 99.999999 percent and as low as 1 ms end-to-end latency is the major challenge of the NOMA communication system in the factory of the future. The high expectations on reliability and latency need modifications to the radio system’s baseband signal processing, medium access control (MAC) layer, and application layer to protect against packet losses. Thus, this paper investigates the utilization of Raptor Q codes, which is a type of Application Layer Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC), by developing an end-to-end system level simulator to evaluate and analyze the performance of the transmission signals based on cross-layer approach; from the physical layer (PHY), MAC layer, and application layer parameters in an indoor factory network setting. The factory is assumed to be operated with various factory robots of different speeds, from static to 10 km/h. The 5G technology relies heavily on flexible network operations. High user density, high user mobility, deployment, and coverage are all qualities that allow for this flexibility. Through extensive simulations, the results showed that the Raptor Q codes are not only able to give good results, i.e., packet reception rate PRR = 0.9 of 10 m or 1.8% to 10 m or 3.4% depending on different scenarios, but are also able to meet PRR = 0.9 in the mobility scenario at 10 km/h. Thus, the Raptor Q codes can be seen as a good candidate for obtaining results within a strict range of requirements set by URC communications for the factory of the future replacing RLNC.

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“…5G infrastructure connects objects from the central and external parts of Figure 2. The basic functionality of the 5G network is based on the Radio Access Network (RAN) and Core Network [51]. RAN is represented as a small cell.…”

Section: Usage Of 5g Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the development of the 5G network, the centimeter and millimeter wave spectrum (3-300 GHz) is mostly used [51]. This helps to achieve higher throughput with data rates of up to several gigabits per second (Gbps) [52,53].…”

Section: Usage Of 5g Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traffic Intersection Lane Control Using Radio Frequency Identification and 5G Communication

et al. 2021

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This article deals with automated urban traffic management, and proposes a new comprehensive infrastructure solution for dynamic traffic direction switching at intersection lines. It was assumed that the currently used solutions based on video monitoring are unreliable. Therefore, the Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technique was introduced, in which vehicles are counted and, if necessary, identified in order to estimate the flows on individual lanes. The data is acquired in real time using fifth-generation wireless communications (5G). The Pots and Ising models derived from the theory of statistical physics were used in a novel way to determine the state of direction traffic lights. The models were verified by simulations using data collected from real traffic observations. The results were presented for two exemplary intersections.

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The Four-C Framework for High Capacity Ultra-Low Latency in 5G Networks: A Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 167 publications

Cross-Layer Design and Performance Analysis for Ultra-Reliable Factory of the Future Based on 5G Mobile Networks

Cross-Layer Design and Performance Analysis for Ultra-Reliable Factory of the Future Based on 5G Mobile Networks

Application Layer-Forward Error Correction Raptor Q Codes in 5G Mobile Networks for Factory of the Future

Traffic Intersection Lane Control Using Radio Frequency Identification and 5G Communication

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