Small group behaviour experiments in the Coven project

Tromp, Jolanda G.; Bullock, Adrian; Steed, Anthony; Sadagic, Amela; Slater, Mel; Frécon, Emmanuel

doi:10.1109/38.734980

Cited by 54 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…They also posit a relationship between co-presence and task-related characteristics such as collaboration. Casanueva (2001), Romano, Brna, and Self (1998), and Tromp et al (1998) Here we look a little further at some of the findings reported earlier in this section, focusing on the visual display mode that was the experimental factor in most of the studies. This serves to illustrate how consideration of particular characteristics can allow better comparison of results across studies.…”

Section: Relationships Among Different Types Of Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In two studies, Axelsson et al (2001; found a significant correlation between presence and co-presence when a Cave-type projection screen display was used that was not present when desktop monitors were used to display the virtual world. Bystrom (1999), Casaneuva (2001 in four separate studies, and Tromp et al (1998) also found no relationship between presence and co-presence when desktop monitors were used for the visual display. found the opposite, with a significant relationship, direction not stated, only when the visual display was a desktop monitor, and no relationship when the participant was in the real world or using a Cave display.…”

Section: Relationships Among Different Types Of Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, participants' behavioral responses to particular situations can reveal insights into the impact of VE technology. Tromp et al (1998), for example, describe how analysis of video recordings of collaborative activities suggested that the use of a desktop monitor with a small field of view (FOV) prevented seamless transition between individual and collaborative tasks. Observed behavior measures that have been used are shown in Table 7.…”

Section: Observed Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The consistency among the results of factor analyses mentioned previously is suggestive of face validity, but cannot speak to the completeness of the scope of individual measures. Some researchers have collected additional post-experimental data that provides more informal support, for examples see Hendrix (1996b), Tromp et al (1998), and Usoh et al (1999).…”

Section: Yesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experience of Presence in Virtual Environments

Youngblut¹

2003

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PrefaceThis work was performed in support the "Development and Assessment of ADL Prototypes" task sponsored by the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Readiness and Training Directorate under the general direction of Dr. Robert Wisher (OUSD/P&R). It partially fulfills the objectives of this task to use Advanced Distributed Learning (ADL) prototypes and other appropriate sources to develop an "engineering of instruction" that links specific instructional design alternatives to specific instructional outcomes and to assist in the cost and effectiveness assessment of ADL prototypes, including assistance in the design of assessment experiments, collection of assessment data, and documentation of findings.Many researchers reviewed or added details to the information presented on their experimental studies. We are grateful for all such contributions. We also gratefully acknowledge those individuals who reviewed and provided comments on this document. Executive SummaryWhile reviewing research on how to maximize the effectiveness of the use of virtual environments (VEs) for Department of Defense (DoD) applications, data were collected based on the role that the sense of presence plays in VE applications. The potential importance of presence is based on a common assumption that increasing the sense of presence experienced in a VE leads to improved task performance.This document is intended as a resource document that presents the results of this data collection effort. It considers (place) presence, co-presence, and social presence. Nearly 70 different measures and over 100 experimental studies of various issues regarding presence are identified.Few of the experimental studies have attempted to examine the potential relationship between presence and task performance. This small set of studies has used four different measures of presence and nine different types of performance measures. Out of 83 findings, 42 showed a significant correlation between presence and task performance, most in the expected direction. As yet, there is no evidence on whether the relationships that do exist are causal in nature.Nonetheless, some conclusions are clear. Despite a decade of research, the role of presence in VEs is still unclear. There is no commonly agreed theory of presence nor are there common measures for this construct. There is some evidence that particular technological, tasks and personal characteristics can influence the extent of presence experienced in a VE. However, the critical question of whether manipulating presence can achieve improved task performance remains unanswered.1

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Section: Relationships Among Different Types Of Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationships Among Different Types Of Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Observed Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Yesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experience of Presence in Virtual Environments

Youngblut¹

2003

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“…The behavior of groups of collaborators and the nature of leadership in shared virtual environments were studied by Steed et al [25,24], who found that, if only one collaborator was immersed, that person tended to lead, and that a sense of being in the same place aided collaborative performance. Related issues such as the effects of network bandwidth on collaborative tasks in virtual reality are treated, e.g., in Park and Kenyon [19], while Wartell, et al [28] have dealt with the challenging problem of integrating navigation tasks with a large range of scales.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework for assisted exploration with collaboration

Wernert¹,

Hanson²

1999

Proceedings Visualization '99 (Cat. No.99CB37067)

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Figure 1: Assisted collaborative exploration scenario with the leader's guide avatar being a dog, and two groups of following collaborators. Observe that the guide avatar points to objects of interest even if they are not aligned with the direction of locomotion or the observer's ground plane, and that the local leader serves as the guide avatar for all attached followers. AbstractWe approach the problem of exploring a virtual space by exploiting positional and camera-model constraints on navigation to provide extra assistance that focuses the user's explorational wanderings on the task objectives. Our specific design incorporates not only task-based constraints on the viewer's location, gaze, and viewing parameters, but also a personal "guide" that serves two important functions: keeping the user oriented in the navigation space, and "pointing" to interesting subject areas as they are approached. The guide's cues may be ignored by continuing in motion, but if the user stops, the gaze shifts automatically toward whatever the guide was interested in. This design has the serendipitous feature that it automatically incorporates a nested collaborative paradigm simply by allowing any given viewer to be seen as the "guide" of one or more viewers following behind; the leading automated guide (we tend to select a guide dog for this avatar) can remind the leading live human guide of interesting sites to point out, while each real human collaborator down the chain has some choices about whether to follow the local leader's hints. We have chosen VRML as our initial development medium primarily because of its portability, and we have implemented a variety of natural modes for leading and colEmail: fewernert, hansong@cs.indiana.edu laborating, including ways for collaborators to attach to and detach from a particular leader.

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Individual differences in virtual environments?Introduction and overview

Chen

Czerwinski

Macredie

2000

J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci.

111

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The practical significance of identifying and accommodating individual differences has been established across a number of fields of research. There is a renewed interest in individual differences due to the advances in virtual environments, especially through far‐reaching technologies such as information visualization and 3D graphical user interfaces on the World Wide Web. The effects of individual differences on the use of these new technologies are yet to be found out. More fundamentally, theories and methods developed for the earlier generations of information systems are subject to a close examination of their applicability, efficiency, and effectiveness. In this article, we present a brief historical overview of research in individual differences in the context of virtual environments. In particular, we highlight the notion of structure in the perception of individual users of an information system and the role of individuals' abilities to recognize and use such structures to perform various information‐intensive tasks. Striking the balance between individuals' abilities and the demanding task for detecting, understanding, and utilizing such structures is an emerging theme across the five articles in this special issue. We outline the approaches and the major findings of these articles with reference to this central theme.

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Small group behaviour experiments in the Coven project

Cited by 54 publications

References 7 publications

Experience of Presence in Virtual Environments

Experience of Presence in Virtual Environments

A framework for assisted exploration with collaboration

Individual differences in virtual environments?Introduction and overview

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