Small-Scale and Low-Cost Galvanic Cells

Development of Small-Scale Experiments for the Education of Chemical Engineering and Its Practice for Undergraduates

“…The concept of "small-scale/micro-scale" experiments was proposed since the 1940s, (Wright and Eastcott, 1949;Stock, 1953;Horak and Crist, 1975) However, in the 1990s this concept rapidly expanded, and various reactions and chemistry equipment for small-scale/micro-scale experiments were developed (Kelkar and Dhavale, 2000) Additionally, various techniques were collected in the microscale laboratory in the Journal of Chemical Education (Zipp, 1989) and a book was published by the Royal Society of Chemistry (Skinner, 1997). At an early stage, the experiments were intended for middle/high school students (Grønneberg et al, 2006;Supasorn, 2015) A variety of experiments and demonstrations has been developed to promote science awareness (Néel et al, 2015;Chien et al, 2018) and demonstration (Lee and Wiener, 2011). After a while, the experiments were extended to higher levels of education (Flash, 1990) and various chemical processes were changed into small-scale procedures such as distillation (Schwartz, 1992) and the extraction of products (McKenzie et al, 2004).…”

Student Fabrication and Use of Simple, Low-Cost, Paper-Based Galvanic Cells To Investigate Electrochemistry

“…A galvanic (sometimes called voltaic) cell is a device that produces an electric current by means of a redox reaction. 6,7 The overall cell potential for galvanic cells is regarded as the sum of the two half-cell reduction potentials and also can be calculated from the following equation:…”

“…Chemical reaction is a process to transform reactants to products involving the formation and breaking of chemical bonds without the change of nucleon in nuclei. − Oxidation–reduction or redox reaction is a chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons between species in the reactants leading to the different oxidation states of products. , The electrons gained in the reduction process must be equal to the electrons lost in the oxidation process. A galvanic (sometimes called voltaic ) cell is a device that produces an electric current by means of a redox reaction. , The overall cell potential for galvanic cells is regarded as the sum of the two half-cell reduction potentials and also can be calculated from the following equation: where the E 0 cell is the overall cell potential measured in the unit of volt (V). The values of E 0 cathode and E 0 anode are the standard reduction potentials for the reactions at the cathode and anode, respectively.…”

“…In analytical chemistry, a paper-based device shows several advantages, such as low cost, and easy and fast fabrication. , Although some reports have demonstrated various devices for the construction of galvanic cells, , the fabrication of galvanic cells employing a paper-based device has not been reported. Therefore, this article aims to demonstrate how to fabricate simple and low-cost galvanic cells using a paper-based device, because paper is abundant, inexpensive, flexible, and disposable.…”

An Easy-To-Assemble Three-Part Galvanic Cell

“…Homemade batteries demonstrate how chemical energy can be converted to electrical power, and many such batteries or single galvanic cells have been designed for educational purposes. − This article describes how students can make a simple galvanic cell and use it to light a light emitting diode (LED). This galvanic cell, which contains only three parts, can be assembled in a few minutes.…”