Smart Contract Interactions in Coq

Nielsen, Jakob Botsch; Spitters, Bas

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54994-7_29

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…ConCert [19] is a Coq-based framework, which allows both meta-theoretic and functional reasoning about a (functional) language and a smart contract, respectively. Together with other publications [16,19,23,38,122,128,154,215], it illustrates how theorem proving helps to precisely describe and prove correctness conditions of smart contract execution. These conditions include Hoare-style correctness properties over the state of a smart contract and its environment [16,38,128,215], security requirements [23,187], and gas consumption reasoning [88].…”

Section: Theorem Provingmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Despite the potential expressiveness of theorem-proving approaches, they seldom consider intercontract communication and temporal properties of smart contracts. An attempt to examine smart contract interactions in Coq is performed by Nielsen and Spitters [154], who prove a voting contract invariant which approximates a temporal property. Verification of temporal properties, including liveness, in Scilla smart contracts, is enabled by a formalization of its trace semantics [178], while an embedding of the language in Coq is under development [179].…”

Section: Theorem Provingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Survey of Smart Contract Formal Specification and Verification

Tolmach

Lin

et al. 2020

Preprint

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A smart contract is a computer program which allows users to define and execute transactions automatically on top of the blockchain platform. Given the significance of smart contracts in supporting important activities across industry sectors including supply chain, finance, legal and medical services, there is a strong demand for verification and validation techniques. Yet, the vast majority of smart contracts lack any kind of formal specification, which is essential for establishing their correctness. In this survey, we investigate formal models and specifications of smart contracts presented in the literature and present a systematic overview in order to understand the common trends. We also discuss the current approaches used in verifying such property specifications and identify gaps with the hope to recognize promising directions for future work.

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Section: Theorem Provingmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Theorem Provingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey of Smart Contract Formal Specification and Verification

Tolmach

Lin

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The execution trace is defined as the following. However, we also provide executable implementations of the specification that execute the outgoing call in depth-first or breadth-first order (see (Nielsen and Spitters, 2019) for more details). The executable implementations are especially useful for techniques like property-based testing that we have explored in our previous work (Annenkov et al, 2021).…”

Section: The Concert Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current work extends and improves the results previously published and presented by the same authors at the conference Certified Programs and Proofs (Annenkov et al, 2021) in January 2021. We build on the ConCert framework (Annenkov et al, 2020;Nielsen and Spitters, 2019) for smart contracts verification in Coq and the MetaCoq project (Sozeau et al, 2020). We summarise the contributions as the following, marking with † the contributions that extend the previous work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracting functional programs from Coq, in Coq

Annenkov¹,

Milo²,

Nielsen³

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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We implement extraction of Coq programs to functional languages based on MetaCoq's certified erasure. We extend the MetaCoq erasure output language with typing information and use it as an intermediate representation, which we call λ T . We complement the extraction functionality with a full pipeline that includes several standard transformations (eta-expansion, inlining, etc) implemented in a proof-generating manner along with a verified optimisation pass removing unused arguments. We prove the pass correct wrt. a conventional call-by-value operational semantics of functional languages. From the optimised λ T representation, we obtain code in two functional smart contract languages, Liquidity and CameLIGO, the functional language Elm, and a subset of the multi-paradigm language for systems programming Rust. Rust is currently gaining popularity as a language for smart contracts, and we demonstrate how our extraction can be used to extract smart contract code for the Concordium network. The development is done in the context of the ConCert framework that enables smart contract verification. We contribute with two verified real-world smart contracts (boardroom voting and escrow), which we use, among other examples, to exemplify the applicability of the pipeline. In addition, we develop a verified web application and extract it to fully functional Elm code. In total, this gives us a way to write dependently typed programs in Coq, verify, and then extract them to several target languages while retaining a small trusted computing base of only MetaCoq and the pretty-printers into these languages.

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“…It was designed to provide support for rigorous formal analysis of smart contracts. B. Spitters et al [29] have modeled a vulnerable contract, faithful to the real DAO, and showed that by modeling it by Coq in a natural way, one could have caught this vulnerability.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Contract Engineering

Jian

Ding

et al. 2020

Electronics

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A smart contract is the algorithmic description of a contractual transaction protocol that is automatically executed together with the information provided by its parties. It is written in a simplified programming language that is specific to a particular domain. Not only correctness and unambiguity are its essential formal properties, but also conformance to any legislation governing the matter of the transaction. Finally, and importantly, the trustworthiness, safety and security of the platform executing the transactions are its main attributes. An emerging challenge is to define a proper engineering process to meet the demanding requirements while supporting mass production and distribution. This paper proposes the concept of smart contract engineering (SCE) to facilitate the generation of smart legal contracts, which is the combination of software engineering, formal methods and computational law. SCE aims to reduce the potential errors and improve efficiency during the contract development process, meanwhile promote the standardization of contract design methodologies. In this paper, the roadmap of an iterative refinement-based, model-driven formal design methodology is introduced, not only to validate smart contracts but also to support the whole life cycle of their engineering.

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Smart Contract Interactions in Coq

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

A Survey of Smart Contract Formal Specification and Verification

A Survey of Smart Contract Formal Specification and Verification

Extracting functional programs from Coq, in Coq

Smart Contract Engineering

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