Smart Fully Integrated Lab: A Smartphone‐Based Compact Miniaturized Analytical/Diagnostic Device

Abstract

Among these, simplification, automation, and miniaturization of (bio)analytical/diagnostic devices and methods, and more recently, their coupling with new emerging and ubiquitous technologies such as smartphones have witnessed significant growth. [1c,d,2] The universal availability (with an estimate of ≈5 billion smartphone users by 2019), affordability, ease-of-use, portability, and other useful and fascinating features of smartphones as miniature computers with fast operating systems, high-quality cameras, large memories, powerful and rechargeable batteries, several wireless connectivity and data transferring modes, touch screen, USB and audio ports, and so on make them as promising and appealing platforms/tools in analytical chemistry and particularly in (bio)sensing/diagnostics technology. [1c,2b-d,3] Although significant developments have already been reached in terms of smartphone applications in (bio)analytical systems, a substantial gap still remains in moving smartphone-based analytical/diagnostic devices (SADs) from purely sensing and data analyzing platforms toward more functional and integrated analytical devices that can fulfill most of the (bio)analytical/diagnostic procedures, which often require multiple steps of mixing, separating/centrifuging, analyzing, and microscopy. Because of this obstacle, the applications of SADs are greatly limited, especially in resource-limited settings and at the POC and POU, where access to routine laboratory equipment is usually either lacking or very limited. [3b,4] In the present study, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we have fabricated a fully integrated smartphonebased compact miniaturized analytical/diagnostic device that can perform most of the main steps of (bio)analytical/diagnostic procedures including separating/centrifuging, mixing, analyzing, and microscopy steps, and also able to meet the prerequisites of Analytics and Healthcare 4.0 through Internet of Things (IoT) concept, which nowadays owing to linking the machines, devices, and sensors to the Internet and its promising features is known as a "megatrend" in analytical chemistry. [5] Analytics 4.0 includes technologies that are prepared for automation, connection, and processing to comprehend and analyze data. It is related to the decentralization of data that are Despite the significant advancements in smartphone technology in Healthcare/Analytics 4.0 era, a substantial gap has still remained in moving smartphone-based analytical/diagnostic devices (SADs) from purely analyzing systems toward smart fully integrated systems/devices that can perform all the different steps of (bio)analytical/diagnostic procedures thoroughly and with high efficiency. Here, the first smart, portable, and compact miniaturized analytical/diagnostic device is presented that integrates the main steps of (bio)analytical/diagnostic procedures, including mixing, separating/ centrifuging, analyzing, and microscopy, also the Internet of Things concept onto a platform that entirely operates using smartphone. The ...

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“…The acquired results exhibited good agreement compared to the clinical reference method in the linear dynamic range of (2–100 ppm). Interestingly, in this research work, all the multiple steps of POC testing of LPA such as mixing, centrifuging, and analyzing were performed by a smart, portable, and compact miniaturized analytical/diagnostic device, named the smart fully integrated lab (SFIL) …”