“Smelling and Tasting” Parkinson's Disease: Using Senses to Improve the Knowledge of the Disease

Oppo, Valentina; Melis, Marta; Melis, Melania; Barbarossa, Iole Tomassini; Cossu, Giovanni

doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00043

Cited by 43 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…This specific sensory impairment is also a typical symptom in Parkinson Disease and longitudinal research has shown that olfactory decline is correlated with higher risk in development of the disease ( Haehner et al, 2007 ). Parkinson’s patients report rates of smell impairment in a range between 75 and 95% ( Oppo et al, 2020 ). Olfaction is not exclusively impaired in patients with Parkinson; it is also an early feature of AD and it has been shown to predict progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD ( Postuma et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Entropy In Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Entropy During Aging Through a Free Energy Principle Approach

Cieri

Zhuang

Caldwell

et al. 2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Neural complexity and brain entropy (BEN) have gained greater interest in recent years. The dynamics of neural signals and their relations with information processing continue to be investigated through different measures in a variety of noteworthy studies. The BEN of spontaneous neural activity decreases during states of reduced consciousness. This evidence has been showed in primary consciousness states, such as psychedelic states, under the name of “the entropic brain hypothesis.” In this manuscript we propose an extension of this hypothesis to physiological and pathological aging. We review this particular facet of the complexity of the brain, mentioning studies that have investigated BEN in primary consciousness states, and extending this view to the field of neuroaging with a focus on resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. We first introduce historic and conceptual ideas about entropy and neural complexity, treating the mindbrain as a complex nonlinear dynamic adaptive system, in light of the free energy principle. Then, we review the studies in this field, analyzing the idea that the aim of the neurocognitive system is to maintain a dynamic state of balance between order and chaos, both in terms of dynamics of neural signals and functional connectivity. In our exploration we will review studies both on acute psychedelic states and more chronic psychotic states and traits, such as those in schizophrenia, in order to show the increase of entropy in those states. Then we extend our exploration to physiological and pathological aging, where BEN is reduced. Finally, we propose an interpretation of these results, defining a general trend of BEN in primary states and cognitive aging.

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Section: Entropy In Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Entropy During Aging Through a Free Energy Principle Approach

Cieri

Zhuang

Caldwell

et al. 2021

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Another important issue that also requires careful future analysis is the presence and sustainability of the nervous system damage after the cure of the COVID‐19 infection. This became especially troublesome in light of the fact that the anosmia and ageusia, which are frequently observed among COVID‐19 patients, also serve as characteristic and prodromal nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease (Haehner et al., 2011; Oppo et al., 2020).…”

Section: Sars‐cov‐2 Cellular Entry Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection reaches the human nervous system: How?

Uversky

Elrashdy

Aljadawi

et al. 2020

J of Neuroscience Research

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Without protective and/or therapeutic agents the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection known as coronavirus disease 2019 is quickly spreading worldwide. It has surprising transmissibility potential, since it could infect all ages, gender, and human sectors. It attacks respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, hepatic, and endovascular systems and can reach the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) through known and unknown mechanisms. The reports on the neurological manifestations and complications of the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection are increasing exponentially. Herein, we enumerate seven candidate routes, which the mature or immature SARS‐CoV‐2 components could use to reach the CNS and PNS, utilizing the within‐body cross talk between organs. The majority of SARS‐CoV‐2–infected patients suffer from some neurological manifestations (e.g., confusion, anosmia, and ageusia). It seems that although the mature virus did not reach the CNS or PNS of the majority of patients, its unassembled components and/or the accompanying immune‐mediated responses may be responsible for the observed neurological symptoms. The viral particles and/or its components have been specifically documented in endothelial cells of lung, kidney, skin, and CNS. This means that the blood–endothelial barrier may be considered as the main route for SARS‐CoV‐2 entry into the nervous system, with the barrier disruption being more logical than barrier permeability, as evidenced by postmortem analyses.

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“…Another important issue that also requires careful future analysis is the presence and sustainability of the nervous system damage after the cure of the COVID-19 infection. This became especially troublesome in light of the fact that the anosmia and ageusia, which are frequently observed among COVID-19 patients, also serve as characteristic and prodromal non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease [78,79].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Cellular Entry Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reaches the Human Nervous System: How?

Uversky¹,

Elrashdy²,

Aljadawi³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Without protective and/or therapeutic agents the SARS-CoV-2 infection known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is quickly spreading worldwide. It has surprising transmissibility potential, since it could infect all ages, gender, and human sectors. It attacks respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, hepatic, and endovascular systems and can reach the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) through known and unknown mechanisms. The reports on the neurological manifestations and complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection are increasing exponentially. Herein, we enumerate seven candidate routes, which the mature or immature SARS-CoV-2 components could use to reach the CNS and PNS, utilizing the within-body crosstalk between organs. The majority of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients suffer from some neurological manifestations (e.g., confusion, anosmia, and ageusia). It seems that although the mature virus did not reach the CNS or PNS of the majority of patients, its unassembled components and/or the accompanying immune-mediated responses may be responsible for the observed neurological symptoms. The viral particles and/or its components have been specifically documented in endothelial cells of lung, kidney, skin, and CNS. This means that the blood-endothelial-barrier may be considered as the main route for SARS-CoV-2 entry into the nervous system, with the barrier disruption being more logical than barrier permeability, as evidenced by postmortem analyses.

show abstract

“Smelling and Tasting” Parkinson's Disease: Using Senses to Improve the Knowledge of the Disease

Cited by 43 publications

References 81 publications

Brain Entropy During Aging Through a Free Energy Principle Approach

Brain Entropy During Aging Through a Free Energy Principle Approach

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection reaches the human nervous system: How?

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reaches the Human Nervous System: How?

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