Smoke Exposure Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Serum Thyroid Autoantibodies and Thyrotropin Concentration Elevation and a Higher Prevalence of Mild Thyrotropin Concentration Suppression in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

Belin, Ruth M.; Astor, Brad C.; Powe, Neil R.; Ladenson, Paul W.

doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0431

Cited by 217 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In view of the marginal statistical significance, the data must be interpreted cautiously that discontinuation of smoking promotes the development of hypothyroidism. This interpretation could be in line with recent observations that smoking protects against the development of TPO-Ab (17) and also against the development of hypothyroidism (18,19). We could not ascertain the well-known risk of smoking for developing Graves' hyperthyroidism, most likely to the small sample size (20).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Smoking is a risk factor for Graves' disease (20). On the other hand, smoking decreases the risk on hypothyroidism (18,19) and has a protective effect on the development of TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab (17). With regard to stress, several reports (33) showed that Graves' patients have a higher number of stressful life events than controls in the months preceding the onset of the disease period but stress exposure has not been linked to the presence of thyroid antibodies (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural history of the transition from euthyroidism to overt autoimmune hypo- or hyperthyroidism: a prospective study

Effraimidis¹,

Strieder²,

Tijssen

et al. 2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: To evaluate the progression in time from euthyroidism to overt autoimmune hypothyroidism or to overt autoimmune hyperthyroidism. Subjects and methods: The design is that of a nested case-control study within the prospective Amsterdam autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) cohort study in which 790 healthy euthyroid women with at least one first or second degree relative with documented AITD were followed for 5 years. Thyroid function tests were assessed annually. Contrast between cases (overt hypothyroidism -TSHO 5.7 mU/l and free thyroxine (FT 4 )!9.3 pmol/l and overt hyperthyroidism -TSH!0.4 mU/l and FT 4 O20.1 pmol/l, also referred to as events) and controls (matched for age and duration of follow-up). Results: At baseline, the 38 hypothyroid cases had already higher TSH and lower FT 4 concentrations than their 76 controls, and the difference between both the groups persisted 1 year before occurrence of the event. In contrast, neither TSH nor FT 4 values differed between the 13 hyperthyroid cases and their 26 controls at baseline or 1 year before the event. The prevalence of thyroid peroxidase-Ab was higher in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid cases than in controls. At the time of event, hypothyroid cases were less common among current smokers (PZ0.083) and more common in the postpartum period (PZ0.006) than their controls, whereas hyperthyroid cases were pregnant more frequently (PZ0.063). Conclusions: The data suggest that progression toward overt autoimmune hypothyroidism is a gradual process taking several years, but in contrast overt autoimmune hyperthyroidism develops faster in terms of months.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural history of the transition from euthyroidism to overt autoimmune hypo- or hyperthyroidism: a prospective study

Effraimidis¹,

Strieder²,

Tijssen

et al. 2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Smokers have lower serum TSH concentration (42) and lower BMI than non-smokers (43). Of the 29 studies, four considered smoking a potential confounder, three of which performed analysis stratified according to smoking status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between serum TSH concentration within the normal range and adiposity

Souza

Sichieri²

2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

102

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Background: Overt hypothyroidism is clearly related to body weight gain and greater adiposity, but the range of hormonal change in serum TSH concentration associated with weight gain remains a focus of debate. Aim: The aim of this review was to assess studies that evaluated the relationship between anthropometric measures and serum TSH concentration in euthyroid subjects. Methods: Studies held on the Ovid MEDLINE database were searched and original articles published from 2000 to 2010 were included. The literature search was restricted to studies conducted in humans aged 18 years or older and written in English, Spanish, or Portuguese. Studies that evaluated the association between anthropometric measures and serum TSH within the normal range as the primary objective, as well as additional analysis, were included. Results: A total of 29 studies met the inclusion criteria. Of the 29 studies, 18 showed a positive relationship between measures of adiposity and serum TSH. Despite the plausibility of this association, only two studies reported longitudinal findings. The influence of smoking on the association between serum TSH and anthropometric measures was evaluated in only three studies and remains unclear. Conclusion: Thus, further longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms by which TSH concentration might impact body weight.

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“…Diversity of current analytical methods and the specificity and sensitivity of enzyme immunoassays, as well as interpopulation variability (10)(11)(12), may explain the wide discrepancies between published reference range data (13,14). Investigating and providing TSH reference values in various populations are also of interest, given risk factor variations in populations for body mass index (BMI) (15), alcohol intake (16), smoking habits (17) and iodine intake (18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum thyrotropin and free thyroxine reference ranges as defined in a disease-free sample of French middle-aged adults

Estaquio

Valeix²,

Leenhardt³

et al. 2009

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

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Background: The goal of this study was to provide reference ranges for thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT 4 ) based on data collected from a diseasefree sample of French middle-aged adults. Methods: A total of 3218 subjects participating in the Supplé mentation en Vitamines et Miné raux Antioxydants (SU.VI.MAX) study had measurements for TSH, fT 4 and urinary iodine concentrations. Thyroid volume and structure were evaluated using standardized ultrasonography. We selected a disease-free sample which included 2338 subjects (1313 females aged 35-60 years and 1025 males aged 45-60 years) with normal thyroid imaging, no previously reported thyroid disease or use of thyroid medication, and no risk factors for thyroid dysfunction. Distribution of TSH and fT 4 was estimated in males and females. Results: The median (central 95% range) TSH serum concentrations for females were 1.79 mU/L (0.29-5.21 mU/L) for ages 35-44 years and 1.98 mU/L (0.27-6.94 mU/L) for ages 45-60 years (p-0.0001, for age). The median (central 95% range) for males

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Smoke Exposure Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Serum Thyroid Autoantibodies and Thyrotropin Concentration Elevation and a Higher Prevalence of Mild Thyrotropin Concentration Suppression in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

Cited by 217 publications

References 58 publications

Natural history of the transition from euthyroidism to overt autoimmune hypo- or hyperthyroidism: a prospective study

Natural history of the transition from euthyroidism to overt autoimmune hypo- or hyperthyroidism: a prospective study

Association between serum TSH concentration within the normal range and adiposity

Serum thyrotropin and free thyroxine reference ranges as defined in a disease-free sample of French middle-aged adults

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