Snake envenomation in two cattle: clinical/laboratory aspects and treatment using equine-derived antivenin of Viperidae

Abstract

In this case report, specific antivenin treatment for Viperidae snake envenomation in two cattle was defined for the first time. The diagnosis of snake envenomation was made according to the history and clinical findings. Clinical examination revealed systemic (tachycardia, dyspnea, cyanosis, hypersalivation, ruminal hypotony) and local (swelling of the leg and head) findings depending on the location of snake bites. Laboratory analysis determined granulocytic leukocytosis, monocytosis, decreased iron binding capacity, and increased CK and LDH enzyme activities. In the specific treatment of cases, equine-derived polyvalent antivenin containing antitoxic immunoglobulins against Viperidae species was administered. Additionally, 5% dextrose, antibiotics, dexamethasone, antihistamines, diuretics, and a vitamin B complex were applied. All clinical and laboratory abnormalities improved after treatment. Complete clinical improvement was observed within 1 week in both cases. The results indicate that equine-derived specific antivenin treatment in snake bites of the family Viperidae can be successfully used in cattle.

Epidemiological, clinical and hematobiochemical studies on hemotoxic snakebite in bovines

“…4), hematochezia, epistaxis, hematuria etc. Similar clinical signs were also observed in viper bite affected cattle by Altug and Isler (2019), Bhikane et al (2020) and Jadhav et al (2021). Out of 36 cases of hemotoxic snakebite, typical fang marks were visible in only one case (2.78%).…”

“…Highly significant (P<0.01) increase in WBC count (12.50±1.23 vs 9.73±0.56×10 9 /L) while significant (P<0.05) increase in granulocyte count (5.29±0.64 vs 3.99±0.33×10 9 /L) and monocyte count (1.31±0.35 vs 0.59±0.06×10 9 /L) was observed in bovines suffering from hemotoxic snakebite as compared to healthy bovines. Altug and Isler (2019) reported granulocytosis (8.58×10 9 /L and 14.67×10 9 /L), leukocytosis (16.84×10 9 /L and 14.67×10 9 /L) and monocytosis (0.95×10 9 /L and 0.73×10 9 /L) in two cases of viperine snake envenomation in cattle. Bhikane et al (2020) observed leukocytosis (12.78±0.72×10 9 /L), neutrophilia (68.36±3.27%) and lymphopenia (29.07±3.39%) in zebu cattle suffering from viperine snake envenomation.…”