Social isolation

Cacioppo, John T.; Hawkley, Louise C.; Norman, Greg J.; Berntson, Gary G.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06028.x

Cited by 467 publications

(365 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…2015) with potentially harmful consequences (Cacioppo & Hawkley 2003; Cacioppo et al. 2011), including for example neuropsychiatric disorders (Fone & Porkess 2008; Colonnello et al. 2011; Normansell & Panksepp 2011), cardiovascular disease (Grippo et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural and Hormonal Stress Responses to Social Separation in Ravens, Corvus corax

et al. 2016

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Social life is profitable, but it facilitates conflicts over resources and creates interdependence between individuals. Separating highly social animals triggers intense reactions aimed at re‐establishing lost connections. Less is known, however, about behavioural and physiological responses to separation in socially facultative species, where individuals temporarily form groups and may subsequently leave them. Non‐breeding common ravens (Corvus corax) gather in large numbers at feeding and roosting sites, but otherwise spend time seemingly solitary or in small subgroups. We here studied how ravens cope with being socially isolated, and investigated the life characteristics that might explain potential individual differences. For this, we individually separated captive subadult ravens (n = 25) and housed them in physical and visual isolation from their group members across 4 d. During the separation period, we collected behavioural data and measured the amount of immunoreactive corticosterone metabolites from bird droppings to assess the ravens’ physiological stress response. We found behavioural indicators of stress at the start of the separation, when ravens showed higher levels of tension than of comfort – a pattern that reversed at the end of the separation. Furthermore, we found that the upbringing of ravens affected their behaviour during separation. Hand‐raised birds produced more vocalisations in the beginning of the separation, and were less active at the end, while the reverse pattern occurred with parent‐raised ravens. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find differences in hormonal responses between the beginning and end of the separation period or any link between hormonal responses and behaviours. Ravens’ behavioural responses to social separation stress seem to be dependent on their arousal states, although possible links with hormonal reactions remain unclear. Our results show that behavioural reactions are not always linked with hormonal responses to stress, and further emphasise the importance of investigating effects of early‐life experiences.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural and Hormonal Stress Responses to Social Separation in Ravens, Corvus corax

et al. 2016

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“…1 Hearing loss in older adults impairs verbal communication, contributes to social isolation, 2 and has been independently associated with poorer cognitive functioning [3][4][5] and incident dementia. [6][7] While hearing aids improve audibility for most individuals with mild to moderate hearing loss, those who suffer from severe to profound hearing loss generally may acquire greater benefit from electrical hearing provided by a cochlear implant (CI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term Use of Cochlear Implants in Older Adults: Results from a Large Consecutive Case Series

Choi¹,

Contrera²,

Betz³

et al. 2014

Otolaryngol.--head neck surg.

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INTRODUCTIONHearing loss is prevalent in one in three people over the age of 50, and two-thirds of those older than 70 years. 1 Hearing loss in older adults impairs verbal communication, contributes to social isolation, 2 and has been independently associated with poorer cognitive functioning [3][4][5] and incident dementia. [6][7] While hearing aids improve audibility for most individuals with mild to moderate hearing loss, those who suffer from severe to profound hearing loss generally may acquire greater benefit from electrical hearing provided by a cochlear implant (CI). 8 Currently, the number of older adults in the United States who would potentially meet audiologic criteria for a CI is approximately 150,000, 1 but less than 5% of these older adults are likely to have received a CI System. 9 Many factors could potentially account for the low rate of CI use in older adults, such as a general perception of hearing loss being an inconsequential part of aging and poor awareness of and access to cochlear implantation. Additionally, there are concerns about whether older adults could practically benefit from CI on a daily basis. Older adults can consistently acquire improved speech perception scores after CI in the clinical setting, 10 but patterns of CI use by older adults has received little review. Previous studies have reported results only in small cohorts of older adults with limited durations of follow-up. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The purpose of our study was to investigate long-term rates of CI use in a consecutive case series of older adults (≥60 years) who received their first CI from 1999-2011. MATERIALS AND METHODS STUDY COHORTWe queried the Johns Hopkins Listening Center database to retrieve all patients ≥ 60 years who received a first CI from 1999 to June 2011 (n = 447). The purpose of this study was to investigate rates of CI use in older adults which is generally defined by the United Nations as adults ≥ 60 years. 33 Of these patients, we were able to successfully obtain follow-up information from the patient or a proxy respondent for 397 individuals (89%) from June to August 2012, and these individuals comprise our analytic cohort. Characteristics of "responders" (n = 397) and "non-responders" (n = 50) did not differ significantly by age of implantation, onset of hearing loss, side of implantation, or manufacturer (data not shown). Non-responders were more likely to have been implanted earlier in the study time period than responders (p < .001). Of the 50 non-responders, 27 (54%) had died based on Social Security Death Index records. For these deceased non-responders, we were unable to obtain proxy information on their CI use at the time of death due to unavailable contact information for surviving family members. This study was approved by Johns Hopkins Institutional Review Board. DATA COLLECTION ON CI USEAs part of a quality assurance initiative at the Johns Hopkins Listening Center, we contacted all CI patients and their families to survey their daily CI use. Postal and email survey...

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“…The questions discussed in this issue might contribute to solving significant societal problems: How can we diminish the detrimental effects of loneliness throughout the lifespan [18]? How can new social technologies, such as interacting robots, be tailored to help to entertain and assist the lonely, or to help children to learn?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attending to and neglecting people: bridging neuroscience, psychology and sociology

Hari

Sams

Nummenmaa

2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 15 to a theme issue 'Attending to and neglecting people'. Human behaviour is context-dependent-based on predictions and influenced by the environment and other people. We live in a dynamic world where both the social stimuli and their context are constantly changing. Similar dynamic, natural stimuli should, in the future, be increasingly used to study social brain functions, with parallel development of appropriate signal-analysis methods. Understanding dynamic neural processes also requires accurate time-sensitive characterization of the behaviour. To go beyond the traditional stimulus-response approaches, brain activity should be recorded simultaneously from two interacting subjects to reveal why human social interaction is critically different from just reacting to each other. This theme issue on Attending to and neglecting people contains original work and review papers on person perception and social interaction. The articles cover research from neuroscience, psychology, robotics, animal interaction research and microsociology. Some of the papers are co-authored by scientists who presented their own, independent views in the recent Attention and Performance XXVI conference but were brave enough to join forces with a colleague having a different background and views. In the future, information needs to converge across disciplines to provide us a more holistic view of human behaviour, its interactive nature, as well as the temporal dynamics of our social world.

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Social isolation

Cited by 467 publications

References 58 publications

Behavioural and Hormonal Stress Responses to Social Separation in Ravens, Corvus corax

Behavioural and Hormonal Stress Responses to Social Separation in Ravens, Corvus corax

Long‐term Use of Cochlear Implants in Older Adults: Results from a Large Consecutive Case Series

Attending to and neglecting people: bridging neuroscience, psychology and sociology

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