Sociodemographic Factors and Prejudice toward HIV and Hepatitis B/C Status in a Working-Age Population: Results from a National, Cross-Sectional Study in Japan

Eguchi, Hisashi; Wada, Koji; Smith, Derek

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096645

Cited by 21 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…This result confirms the results from a study of Japan's working population, 22 although the Japanese study Note. The basis outcome is mild or without discrimination.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…This finding is consistent with a previous study in Japan that also found no association between gender and prejudice toward HIV, HBV or HCV-infected people. 22 No previous study has assessed the influence of education on HBV-related discrimination, although a previous study found Chinese providers with a higher medical education tended to show high levels of discrimination against HIV patients. 21, 23 We hypothesized that rural migrant workers' education status was associated with HBV-related discrimination, but our results did not confirm this hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatitis B discrimination in everyday life by rural migrant workers in Beijing

Leng

Wangen

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Background: In China, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a particularly challenging public health issue, with an estimated 90 million chronic hepatitis B carriers accounting for almost 7% of the population. Healthrelated discrimination can serve as a barrier to prevention and care for infectious diseases, such as HBV, degrade the HBV sufferers' quality of life and limit HBV patients' employment opportunities. While rural migrants account for up to 40% of the total urban population in the developed cities in China, there has been no study of the discrimination behavior of rural migrant workers toward HBV carriers.Objective: This study evaluates the discrimination behavior of rural migrant workers toward HBV carriers and patients and proposes public policy recommendations to address discrimination and stigma.Methods: The sample comprised 903 rural adults, aged over 18 years old, who migrated to Beijing. Using a face-to-face interview, we surveyed rural migrants' demographic characteristics, knowledge of HBV and discrimination against HBV carriers. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study population, HBV stigma and knowledge of HBV. Three discrimination levels (no-mild, medium and severe discrimination) were modeled using multiple logistic regression.Results: Rural migrants to Beijing had a mean age of 36 years, were overwhelmingly married (91.58%), mostly with a junior high school or lower education (78.05%) and mainly engaged as temporary workers (42.52%) or self-employed (33.78%). Only 30.56% reported that they had been vaccinated against HBV. On the 0-10 discrimination scale, rural migrants rated 6.24, with only 4.54% displaying no sign of HBV-related discrimination. The high discrimination score occurred alongside a low mean knowledge of HBV (7.61 on the 1-22 ranking of HBV knowledge). Multiple logistic regression results suggest an inverse relationship between discrimination levels and HBV knowledge, especially knowledge about treatment and transmission routes. The "fear of being infected with HBV" and being HBV vaccinated was positively associated with HBV-related discrimination. Unemployed rural migrants were more likely to exhibit severe HBV-related discrimination than other occupational groups. Personal attributes, such as gender, age, marital status and education level were not associated with the level of discrimination.Conclusions: Knowledge of HBV, its transmission and treatment, and the fear of HBV infection were key features in understanding HBV discrimination by rural migrant workers. To reduce discrimination, HBV public health education campaigns need to focus on both knowledge about HBV and the fear of HBV infection. Such campaigns should target rural migrant subgroups, such as unemployed rural migrant workers.

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“…This result confirms the results from a study of Japan's working population, 22 although the Japanese study Note. The basis outcome is mild or without discrimination.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B discrimination in everyday life by rural migrant workers in Beijing

Leng

Wangen

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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show abstract

“…This finding was inconsistent with a previous study in Japan showing that gender was unassociated with prejudice toward HIV-, HBV-, or HCV-infected colleagues. 21 In the current study, our hypothesis was that income was associated with HBV-related discrimination, but the results were in striking contrast to the hypothesis. Participants' discrimination levels did not significantly differ based on income.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

“…This is contrary to the finding that older age was associated with decreased prejudice toward HBV-or HCV-infected colleagues in the Japanese study. 21 We found that individuals with higher education tended to have less severe discrimination compared with those with less education (the reference education group), and the severe discrimination rate of those with a medium education level did not differ from that of the low education group. No previous study has assessed the influence of education on HBV-related discrimination, although a study in China showed that providers with higher medical education tended to show higher levels of discrimination against those with HIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Hepatitis B-related knowledge and vaccination in association with discrimination against Hepatitis B in rural China

Wang

Zhu

et al. 2015

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a challenging public-health issue in China. Hepatitis B carriers and patients suffer not only physically but also experience strong discrimination and stigma. China's rural population is 629 million. Thus, there is a great need to understand the situation surrounding HBV-related discrimination in everyday life in rural China. We studied 6,538 participants (18 y old) from 42 villages across 7 provinces (districts). Many studies have addressed discrimination against those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, few studies have addressed HBV-related discrimination. We found that the fear of HBV infection, not lack of knowledge about it, predominantly leads to HBV-related discrimination (although limited knowledge is also a cause). Notably, receiving the HBV vaccination contributes to reduced discrimination. In addition, the existence of fewer misunderstandings about false HBV transmission routes plays a more important role in discrimination than does understanding of true HBV transmission routes. Therefore, to reduce HBV-related discrimination, policy makers should consider eliminating HBV-related fear, strengthening adult HBV immunization programs, developing large-scale education dissemination about HBV transmission routes and non-transmission routes, and paying greater attention to target populations.

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“…A qualitative study on the causes of diffidence among mid-level public health nurses who were supporting people with mental disorders identified seven categories of causes, such as a lack of experience and problems with developing a perspective regarding their particular field [15]. Additionally, old age might be a factor, as evidenced by a nationwide Internet survey on prejudice toward individuals with HIV or hepatitis B and C among the working-age population of Japan [16]. A study in Taiwan showed that nurses with longer careers, self-labels of "absolute heterosexual," and high religiousness were more likely to have negative attitudes towards homosexuality [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Difficulties Regarding HIV/AIDS Services among Public Health Nurses in the Kinki Region of Western Japan: Implications for Public Health Nursing Education in Japan

Nishimura¹,

Iwai²,

Ozaki³

et al. 2017

OJN

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Objective: To determine the perceived difficulties in providing HIV/AIDS services among public health nurses and to identify their correlates, we carried out a cross-sectional study in the Kinki region of western Japan. Methods: Structured self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all public health nurses in the region, and 1535 valid questionnaires were retrieved (valid response rate 78.7%). Results: More than half of the participants (52.8%) reported difficulties with HIV/AIDS services. The factors associated with perceived difficulties were having a negative attitude towards consultations on sexual matters (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.2, p < 0.001), a perceived lack of encounters with homosexual people and people with HIV/AIDS during practice (AOR 1.6, p = 0.002 and AOR 1.8, p < 0.001), poor knowledge of sexual diversity (AOR 2.0, p < 0.001), lack of training in sexual diversity in public health nursing education (AOR 1.4, p = 0.016), and low permissiveness of the diversity of sexual behavior (AOR 2.0, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Overall, our results suggest that nursing and public health nursing education in Japan should cover sexual issues and HIV/AIDS in a more systematic way.

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Sociodemographic Factors and Prejudice toward HIV and Hepatitis B/C Status in a Working-Age Population: Results from a National, Cross-Sectional Study in Japan

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

Hepatitis B discrimination in everyday life by rural migrant workers in Beijing

Hepatitis B discrimination in everyday life by rural migrant workers in Beijing

Hepatitis B-related knowledge and vaccination in association with discrimination against Hepatitis B in rural China

Perceived Difficulties Regarding HIV/AIDS Services among Public Health Nurses in the Kinki Region of Western Japan: Implications for Public Health Nursing Education in Japan

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