Sodium and Potassium in Health and Disease

Abstract

Sodium and potassium are essential for human health. They are important ions in the body and are associated with many physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. The chapter summarizes the basic physiologic actions of sodium and potassium on membranes of the neurologic and muscular systems. It provides information regarding the kinetics, i.e., absorption, distribution, and excretion of these ions and their movement between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. It also explains the physiologic systems that can influence proper homeostasis between sodium and potassium. Concentrations of sodium in the blood that exceed or do not reach the normal value range are called hypernatremia or hyponatremia, respectively. Similarly, the clinicians recognize hyperkalemia and hypokalemia. Pathologies associated with these states are described and examples of some of the diseases are presented here.

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“…Kalium berperan aktif dalam metabolisme glikogen dan glukosa, mengubah glukosa menjadi glikogen yang disimpan dalam hati sebagai energi. 13 Kalium berfungsi untuk kontraksi otot bersama natrium, magnesium dan kalsium. Kalium merupakan elektrolit yang penting bagi tubuh karena berfungsi dalam untuk mengubah impuls saraf ke otot pada kontraksi otot dan menjaga tekanan darah tetap normal.…”

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“…So it can be used for treatment of anemia, tuberculosis (Ayoola and Olayiwola, 2014). Sodium and potassium are the major electrolytes involved in cellular homeostasis, maintenance of osmotic pressure and pH, proper functioning of heart, renal regulation of acid base balance, enzyme cofactor etc (Pohl et al, 2013).Potassium is important intracellular cation for all but one organism i.e. blue green algae.…”

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“…Magnesium is also required for maintenance of electrical potentials of nerve and muscle and for the transmission of signals across neuromuscular junctions. Potassium and sodium both are essential and they play crucial role in the cellular homeostasis [34]. Calcium is main component in bone and helpful for regulating skeletal and cardiac muscles contractions [35].…”