Soil strength and macropore volume limit root elongation rates in many UK agricultural soils

Valentine, Tracy A.; Hallett, Paul D.; Binnie, Kirsty; Young, Mark; Squire, G. R.; Hawes, Cathy; Bengough, A. Glyn

doi:10.1093/aob/mcs118

Cited by 154 publications

(138 citation statements)

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“…This leads to higher penetration stresses; therefore, root growth and soil exploration require more energy when soil strength is increased (Atwell, 1990b;Bengough et al, 2011;Ruiz et al, 2015Ruiz et al, , 2016. When soil mechanical impedance is increased, root elongation rate decreases within hours and may cease entirely, leading to significant yield losses (Bengough and Mullins, 1991;Young et al, 1997;Valentine et al, 2012). The integration of functional root traits, which enable resource acquisition at minimum energetic costs, into breeding programs is a promising approach to improve agricultural productivity under limited soil fertility (Bishopp and Lynch, 2015).…”

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confidence: 99%

Root Tip Shape Governs Root Elongation Rate under Increased Soil Strength

et al. 2017

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confidence: 99%

Root Tip Shape Governs Root Elongation Rate under Increased Soil Strength

et al. 2017

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“…As stated by Valentine et al [16], who worked on 34 farms located in eastern Scotland that represented a wide range of soil types, textures, crop rotation, and farm management practices, root elongation was directly correlated with the volume of large pores (60-300 µm) and inversely correlated with penetrometer resistance. More specifically, root elongation was enhanced by low-resistance macropores, which overcome mechanical impedance due to the strength of the bulk soil and are limited by hypoxia (or some combination of hypoxia and soil strength) if the rate of oxygen diffusion to the root surface is too low.…”

Section: Soil Texture Structure and Field Hydraulic Arrangementsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Agronomic Management for Enhancing Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses—Drought, Salinity, Hypoxia, and Lodging

2017

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Abiotic stresses are currently responsible for significant losses in quantity and reduction in quality of global crop productions. In consequence, resilience against such stresses is one of the key aims of farmers and is attained by adopting both suitable genotypes and management practices. This latter aspect was reviewed from an agronomic point of view, taking into account stresses due to drought, water excess, salinity, and lodging. For example, drought tolerance may be enhanced by using lower plant density, anticipating the sowing or transplant as much as possible, using grafting with tolerant rootstocks, and optimizing the control of weeds. Water excess or hypoxic conditions during winter and spring can be treated with nitrate fertilizers, which increase survival rate. Salinity stress of sensitive crops may be alleviated by maintaining water content close to the field capacity by frequent and low-volume irrigation. Lodging can be prevented by installing shelterbelts against dominant winds, adopting equilibrated nitrogen fertilization, choosing a suitable plant density, and optimizing the management of pests and biotic diseases harmful to the stability and mechanic resistance of stems and roots.

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“…Segundo Vogelmann et al (2012), o tráfego adicional com uma pá carregadora (10 t) em semeadura direta por 13 anos elevou a Ds do Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo em relação ao sistema de semeadura direta na camada de 0,00-0,10 m (respectivamente 1,68 e 1,56 Mg m -3 ). No LVd, a Ds no C44 e C410 sofreu um acréscimo e um decréscimo, respectivamente, da camada superficial (0,00-0,10 m) para 0,10-0,20 m (Tabela 3).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…De modo geral, as causas da compactação do solo devem-se, principalmente, ao aumento da massa dos maquinários, dos equipamentos ou dos animais, ao tráfego intensivo de máquinas e às operações ou conteúdo de água inadequado (quando não está no estado de friabilidade do solo). A compactação do solo, além de aumentar a resistência à penetração das raízes (BENGOUGH et al, 2011), limita a profundidade e o volume de solo explorado em busca de água e nutrientes (VALENTINE et al, 2012), reduz a porosidade total, a macroporosidade, a aeração e a capacidade de infiltração de água. Em solos com baixo conteúdo de água, a coesão das partículas e a resistência do solo à penetração são elevadas e reduzem a pressão hidrostática nas células das raízes e, consequentemente, reduz a força da coifa na região meristemática da raiz, para superar a resistência do solo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Compactação em Latossolos e suas relações com o crescimento radicular do milho

Rossetti

Centurion

2017

AGRO@MBIENTE ON-LINE

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Resumo: A compactação dos solos, devido à intensificação do tráfego de máquinas nas atividades agrícolas, pode constituir um fator limitante ao crescimento das plantas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as consequências dos diferentes estados de compactação em Latossolos sobre o sistema radicular do milho por meio de indicadores de qualidade no solo. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos no ano agrícola 2013/14, sendo um em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (LVd) e o outro em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico (LVef). O delineamento experimental empregado nos dois ensaios foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, foram aleatorizadas cinco formas de preparo do solo, sendo: SC= preparo convencional, sem tráfego adicional; C24 e C44= duas e quatro passadas do trator de 4 t, respectivamente, C210 e C410= duas e quatro passadas do trator de 10 t, respectivamente. As subparcelas consistiram das camadas de 0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m. As variáveis avaliadas foram: densidade (Ds), macroporosidade (macro), microporosidade (micro), resistência do solo à penetração (RP) e variáveis radiculares do milho. Apesar da constatação da superioridade da RP no C410 (3,91 MPa) em comparação ao C24 (2,10 MPa), C44 (1,95 MPa) e C210 (2,44 MPa) no LVd, esse fato não interferiu na área (AR), diâmetro, comprimento (CR), matéria seca, densidade da massa seca da raiz e condição similar foi observada no LVef. Esse solo apresentou maior capacidade de suporte às compressões aplicadas, uma vez que todas as variáveis do sistema radicular do milho não foram alteradas. Palavras-chave: Resistência à penetração. Aeração do solo. Zea mays.Abstract: Soil compaction, due to the intensification of the traffic of machines in the agricultural activities, can be a limiting factor to the growth of the plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different compaction states in Oxisols on the root system of maize by means of soil quality indicators. The field experiment was carried out in the 2013/14 growing season, in a randomized block design in Distrophic Red Latosol (DRL) and Eutroferric Red Latosol (ERL) in split-plots, with five treatments and four replications for each soil class. In the plots were randomized five ways of preparing the soil, being: SC= conventional tillage, no additional compaction; C24 and C44= passing a 4 t tractor 2 x and 4 x, respectively, C210 and C410= passing a 10 t tractor 2 x and 4 x, respectively. The subplots consisted of the soil layers 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m. The variables evaluated were: the bulk density (Ds), macroporosity (macro), microporosity (micro), penetration resistance (RP) and maize root variables. Despite the superiority of RP in C410 (3.91 MPa) compared to C24 (2.10 MPa), C44 (1.95 MPa) and C210 (2.44 MPa) in LVd, this fact did not interfere in the area (AR), diameter, length (CR), dry matter, dry mass density of the root and similar condition was observed in LVef. This soil presented greater capacity to support the applied compressio...

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Soil strength and macropore volume limit root elongation rates in many UK agricultural soils

Abstract: Root elongation rate in the majority of field soils was slower than half of the unimpeded (packed) rate. Such major reductions in root elongation rates will decrease rooting volumes and limit crop growth in soils where nutrients and water are scarce.

Cited by 154 publications

References 42 publications

Root Tip Shape Governs Root Elongation Rate under Increased Soil Strength

Root Tip Shape Governs Root Elongation Rate under Increased Soil Strength

Agronomic Management for Enhancing Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses—Drought, Salinity, Hypoxia, and Lodging

Compactação em Latossolos e suas relações com o crescimento radicular do milho

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