Solubility of free and associated strontium in NaCl crystals

NaCl(001) surfaces nanostructured by Suzuki precipitates: a scanning force microscopy study

“…For pure crystals, an ionic conductivity between 10 −16 and 10 −14 −1 cm −1 can be found at room temperature (exponential extrapolation of the high-temperature data in [81]), which is much smaller than that for Cd 2+ -doped NaCl crystals (∼ 10 −10 −1 cm −1 [37,39]). The higher ionic conductivity of doped crystals can be observed within a large temperature range, even at temperatures higher than room temperature [35,54]. Figure 2 shows typical characteristics of the (001) surface after the UHV cleavage of an NaCl:Cd 2+ crystal, which was doped with 4 mol% of CdCl 2 .…”

“…However, also other metal impurity cations such as Mn 2+ [13,14], [16]- [19], [36], [40]- [42], [45]- [50], Mg 2+ [1,21,36,41,42], Fe 2+ [15,17,19,36,41,42,51], Ni 2+ [42,52], Co 2+ [53], Sr 2+ [42,54] and Pb 2+ [42,55] have been the subject of many investigations and discussions. In fact, the host lattice need not necessarily be NaCl: the Suzuki phase may exist also in NaBr (Mn 2+ [50]), KCl (Sm 2+ [57], Pb 2+ [58] and Eu 2+ [56,59]), KBr (Mn 2+ [60] and Eu 2+ [59,61,62]), LiF (Mg 2+ [11,63]) and AgCl (Pb 2+ [64]) and even in oxides (MgO:Mn 4+ [31], [65]- [67], NiO:Mn 4+ [67] and CuO:Pb 4+ [32,68]).…”

“…Suzuki phases including two types of metal impurity cations have even been studied (NaCl:Pb, Eu 2+ [69] and NaCl:Cd, Pb 2+ [70]). The Suzuki phase has been characterized by many experimental methods like x-ray diffraction [10]- [12], [31,32], [34]- [36], [38,58,65,67], ionic conductivity or thermal current measurements [21,35,37,39,52,54,66], specific heat measurements [47], optical spectroscopy [46,50,53,56,59,60,62,65,67,69,70], Raman spectroscopy [12,40,52,53,55], laser spectroscopy [57], magnetic susceptibility measurements [41,48,65,67], electron paramagnetic resonance [45,46,60,64], neutron scattering [49], photoacoustic measurements …”