Solvent‐Induced Morphology in Polymer‐Based Systems for Organic Photovoltaics

Ruderer, Matthias A.; Guo, Shuai; Meier, Robert J.; Chiang, H.-Y.; Körstgens, Volker; Wiedersich, J.; Perlich, Jan; Roth, Stephan V.; Müller‐Buschbaum, Peter

doi:10.1002/adfm.201100945

Cited by 226 publications

(313 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The effect of vertical stratification of P3HT:PCBM blends [18][19][20][21] can be ignored as the film is only ∼100 nm thick; 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the lateral diffusion which extends over ∼10 -20 µm. Figure 1(b) shows the 1-D perpendicular PCBM composition profile from the centre of the phase segregated region.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular versus crystallite PCBM diffusion in P3HT:PCBM blends

Berriman¹,

Holdsworth²,

Zhou³

et al. 2015

AIP Advances

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The diffusion of PCBM in P3HT:PCBM blend films has been investigated using multi-wavelength scanning absorption microscopy (MWSAM). By studying the depletion of PCBM in the vicinity of the phase segregated PCBM-rich regions that form upon thermal annealing, we are able to measure the diffusion constant and activation energy for PCBM diffusion in P3HT:PCBM blend films. The measured kinetic parameters are consistent with the diffusion of nanoscale PCBM crystallites rather than molecular PCBM. We show that the presence of two distinct diffusion processes in these blend materials provides an explanation for the large differences that have been reported for PCBM diffusion in P3HT:PCBM blends. This insight allows us to develop a unified model for PCBM mass transport in these materials.

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confidence: 99%

Molecular versus crystallite PCBM diffusion in P3HT:PCBM blends

Berriman¹,

Holdsworth²,

Zhou³

et al. 2015

AIP Advances

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“…For example Ruderer and co-workers studied the influence of different solvents on the active layer morphology of P3HT:PCBM. [123] Active layers were spin cast out of chloroform, chlorobenzene, toluene and xylene. The absence of even a diode characteristic for chloroform made solar cells was explained with a material distribution which would have been good only in an inverted device geometry and is bad for the standard one.…”

Section: Wwwadvancedsciencenewscommentioning

confidence: 99%

π‐Conjugated Donor Polymers: Structure Formation and Morphology in Solution, Bulk and Photovoltaic Blends

Hildner

Köhler

Müller‐Buschbaum

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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The field of conjugated polymers has expanded in the last years considerably and impressive performance, both in field effect transistors and photovoltaic devices has been achieved. After the initial emphasis on improving the performance, more emphasis is recently given to fundamental studies on structure formation. Therefore, this review concentrates on systematic correlation studies of structure formation in solution, in bulk and thin films as well as in photovoltaic blends of donor‐type π‐conjugated polymers. The main focus is on the correlation of structure, morphology and molecular chain orientation as a function of macromolecular properties such as molecular weight, dispersity, non‐covalent intramolecular and intermolecular interactions, solvent interactions and innovative processing techniques. The tools applied for elucidating fundamental information of structure formation and orientation mainly consist of optical spectroscopy and scattering techniques (SAXS/WAXS/GIWAXS). Since the field of conjugated polymers is very vast in terms of chemical structural diversity, only selected examples of donor polymers are covered here and the emerging class of n‐type conjugated polymers are not included. The focus is not on the structural variation or their performance in solar cells or transistors in terms of record efficiencies, but on the systematic studies leading to a structure‐property correlation in donor polymers.

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“…Various strategies have been reported to tailor the morphology from local-scale (molecular ordering/conformation) to global-scale (domains/networks in tens and hundreds of nanometer) e.g., thermal annealing [16][17][18][19], solvent vapor annealing [17,20], type of processing solvents [21], incorporation with solvent additives [1,22], etc. These morphological control methods and associated characterization techniques have also been comprehensively reviewed [1,[6][7][8][9][10]23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Control Agent in Ternary Blend Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

et al. 2014

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Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaic (OPV) promise low cost solar energy and have caused an explosive increase in investigations during the last decade. Control over the 3D morphology of BHJ blend films in various length scales is one of the pillars accounting for the significant advance of OPV performance recently. In this contribution, we focus on the strategy of incorporating an additive into BHJ blend films as a morphological control agent, i.e., ternary blend system. This strategy has shown to be effective in tailoring the morphology of BHJ through different inter-and intra-molecular interactions. We systematically review the morphological observations and associated mechanisms with respect to various kinds of additives, i.e., polymers, small molecules and inorganic nanoparticles. We organize the effects of morphological control (compatibilization, stabilization, etc.) and provide general guidelines for rational molecular design for additives toward high efficiency and high stability organic solar cells.

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Solvent‐Induced Morphology in Polymer‐Based Systems for Organic Photovoltaics

Cited by 226 publications

References 69 publications

Molecular versus crystallite PCBM diffusion in P3HT:PCBM blends

Molecular versus crystallite PCBM diffusion in P3HT:PCBM blends

π‐Conjugated Donor Polymers: Structure Formation and Morphology in Solution, Bulk and Photovoltaic Blends

Morphological Control Agent in Ternary Blend Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

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