Somatic embryogenesis in pepper anther culture: The effect of incubation treatments and different media

Abstract

The frequency of obtained androgenic plants depends highly on the genotype; therefore the low rate of haploid recovery limits the utility of anther culture in pepper breeding. The need for incubation treatment and adequate nutrition media supplemented with plant growth regulators, especially auxins, are suggested as important factors to obtain somatic haploid embryos in pepper anther culture. The effect of three incubation treatments of the androgenic potential in pepper anther culture on MS, N, LS, NN and CP medium are summarised, and the results demonstrate that:by incubating treatment in cold conditions (at 7 8C) in darkness for 7 days, and then transferring the explants to light conditions (12-h photoperiod at 25 8C) for 4 weeks, on LS and NN mediums, anthers produced callus; by incubating treatment in heat conditions (at 25 8C) in darkness for 7 days, and then transferring the explants to light conditions (12-h photoperiod at 25 8C) for 4 weeks, on MS and N mediums, anthers produced callus; by incubating treatment in heat conditions (at 35 8C) in darkness for 8 days, the next 4 days to light conditions (12-h photoperiod at 25 8C) on CP medium, and then transferring the explants to R 1 medium for 4 weeks, anthers produced embryos.

Morphological markers to correlate bud and anther development with microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

“…The length of specific flower whorls has been used by some authors to estimate bud size. The most frequently measured whorls have been corolla (Dunwell 2010) and calyx, where the ratio between calyx and corolla has been the most used parameter (Koleva-Gudeva et al 2007;Ltifi and Wenzel 1994;Mityko et al 1995;Nowaczyk and Kisiala 2006). Other authors opted for a direct estimation of the degree of purple antocyanin pigments that anthers of many pepper types accumulate during their development (Regnet 1994;Kim et al 2008;Kim et al 2004) or by a combination of this marker with the calyx/corolla ratio (Barany et al 2005;Barany et al 2010;Buyukalaca et al 2004;Dumas de Vaulx et al 1981;Supena et al 2006b;Supena et al 2006a;Ercan et al 2006;Lantos et al 2009).…”

Embryogenesis in the anthers of different ornamental pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes

“…There was considerable variation in callus induction when comparing genotypes in the same culture medium (M1, M2, and M4), showing the effect of genotypes. The genotype is the most important and often the most limiting factor in the response of Capsicum to androgenesis, and this factor was studied by several authors Koleva-Gudeva et al, 2007;Irikova et al, 2011b). In the M1 medium (Table 7), genotypes 8 and 9 presented the highest averages for callus induction (20 and 22%, respectively).…”

“…The results indicated wide variation in callus formation between genotypes that showed no callus formation (F 1 : 1647 x 1962) to those that induced up to 16.6% of calli (Genotype 146). Koleva-Gudeva et al (2007) also describe the influence of genotypes and culture media on the formation of embryogenic calli in C. annuum. For instance, 58.9% of the Feferona variety of anther induces calli when cultured in medium N (Nitcsh, 1969) supplemented with 1 mg/L KIN + 0.001 mg/L IAA.…”

“…The other responsive genotypes obtained low embryogenesis with an average of three embryos per genotype. Koleva-Gudeva et al (2007), examined the culture of anthers from nine varieties of pepper (C. annuum) in MS medium that was supplemented with kinetin (1.0 mg/L), 2,4-D (0.01 mg/L), and IAA (0.001 mg/L). However, the presence of embryos was not verified (only calli were present), so embryogenesis induction was only achieved when these anthers were cultured in C medium.…”

Effect of Culture Medium in Callogenesis from Adult Walnut Leaves (Juglans regia L.)

“…Thus, to establish calli cultures, the determination of the initial tissue used is a fundamental factor in order to achieve the desired response (Bandyopadhyay et al, 1999). Zygotic embryos (Kvaalen et al, 2005), hypocotyls (Ahn et al, 2007), cotyledons (Gómez et al, 2006), nuclei (Cardoza and D'Souza, 2002), anthers (Koleva-Gudeva et al, 2007), ovaries and ovules (Sauer and Wilhelm, 2005), petiole and roots (Geneve, 2005), internodes (Chandra and Bhanja, 2002) and leaves (Ainsley et al, 2000) have been used in induction of callogenesis. Leaves are of interest in that they allow for the mass production of selected individuals in their adult stage (Leslie et al, 1995).…”