Some New Data Related to Human Tolerance Obtained from Volunteer Boxers

Pincemaille, Y.; Trosseille, Xavier; Mack, Pauline Beery; Tarrière, C; Breton, Françoise; Renault, Bernard

doi:10.4271/892435

Cited by 44 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Based on work by Viano et al (1986), this requires a rotational acceleration of 12 krad/s 2 (a H ) and impact duration of 4 ms (t H ), and gives a maximum rotational velocity of 30.5 rad/s (v H ). These impact data are consistent with measurements in human volunteers of 13.6 krad/s 2 and 48 rad/s during boxing (Pincemaille et al, 1989). For the rabbit, this corresponds to a rotational acceleration of a E 5 212 krad/s 2 , half sine-wave duration of t E 5 0.95 ms, and maximum angular velocity of v E 5 128 rad/s, where the subscripts H and E are human and experimental model (rabbit), respectively.…”

Section: Impact Conditions For Threshold Injurysupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Not only the force of angular acceleration, but also its duration determines the extent of damage . Thresholds for brain injury have been discussed in terms of rotational acceleration, rotational velocity, and pulse duration (Ommaya et al, 1967;Goldsmith and Ommaya, 1984;Lowenhielm, 1978;Margulies and Thibault, 1992;Pincemaille et al, 1989). Subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhages, as well as focal bleeding deep in the tissue, dominate the pathology in conjunction with cellular changes, such as diffuse axonal (neuronal) injury (DAI) and reactive astrocytosis Graham et al, 1988;Smith et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A New Model for Diffuse Brain Injury by Rotational Acceleration: I. Model, Gross Appearance, and Astrocytosis

Gutierrez

Huang²,

Haglid³

et al. 2001

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Rapid head rotation is a major cause of brain damage in automobile crashes and falls. This report details a new model for rotational acceleration about the center of mass of the rabbit head. This allows the study of brain injury without translational acceleration of the head. Impact from a pneumatic cylinder was transferred to the skull surface to cause a half-sine peak acceleration of 2.1 x 10(5) rad/s2 and 0.96-ms pulse duration. Extensive subarachnoid hemorrhages and small focal bleedings were observed in the brain tissue. A pronounced reactive astrogliosis was found 8-14 days after trauma, both as networks around the focal hemorrhages and more diffusely in several brain regions. Astrocytosis was prominent in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, layers II-V, and in the granule cell layer and around the axons of the pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. The nuclei of cranial nerves, such as the hypoglossal and facial nerves, also showed intense astrocytosis. The new model allows study of brain injuries from head rotation in the absence of translational influences.

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Section: Impact Conditions For Threshold Injurysupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A New Model for Diffuse Brain Injury by Rotational Acceleration: I. Model, Gross Appearance, and Astrocytosis

Gutierrez

Huang²,

Haglid³

et al. 2001

Journal of Neurotrauma

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show abstract

“…The logical conclusion is that the NIC risk curve presented by Kullgren et al 14 is not biomechanically accurate. This finding is bolstered by the previously referenced studies measuring head accelerations in athletes, 9,22,23 which suggest that athletes in contact sports routinely experience NIC values far exceeding the values generated in this study without injury.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…Football players, 9,23 boxers, 22 and rugby players 10 routinely experience head accelerations exceeding 80 g and 6000 rad/s 2 without injury. Statistical analysis of head impact data from football players 13 and nonhuman primates 27 suggests that head accelerations of 80 g and 6000 rad/s 2 pose less than a 1% risk of concussion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head and Neck Loading in Everyday and Vigorous Activities

et al. 2010

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The purpose of this study was to document head and neck loading in a group of ordinary people engaged in non-injurious everyday and more vigorous physical activities. Twenty (20) volunteers that were representative of the general population were subjected to seven test scenarios: a soccer ball impact to the forehead, a self-imposed hand strike to the forehead, vigorous head shaking, plopping down in a chair, jumping off a step, a seated drop onto the buttocks, and a vertical drop while seated supine in a chair. Some scenarios involved prescribed and well-controlled stimuli, while others allowed the volunteers to perform common activities at a self-selected level of intensity. Head accelerations up to 31 g and 2888 rad/s(2) and neck loads up to 268 N in posterior shear, 526 N in compression, and 36 Nm in extension were recorded. Most head and neck injury criteria predicted a low risk of injury in all activities. However, rotational head accelerations and Neck Injury Criterion (NIC) values were much higher than some proposed tolerance limits in a large number of tests, all of which were non-injurious. The data from this study help us to establish an envelope of head and neck loading that is commonly encountered and presents a minimal risk of injury.

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“…Subsequent studies have demonstrated rotational accelerations during boxing of up to 13 600 rad/s 2 , with an average between 1200 and 9000 rad/s 2 depending on the boxer's body weight. 16,17 Diffuse axonal injury accounts for a significant amount of the remainder of traumatic brain injuries sustained by boxers, along with intracerebral (intraparenchymal contusions) and extracerebral (subdural and epidural) hemorrhages.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Brain Injuries In Boxingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boxing-Related Head Injuries

Jayarao

Chin

Cantu

2010

The Physician and Sportsmedicine

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Fatalities in boxing are most often due to traumatic brain injury that occurs in the ring. In the past 30 years, significant improvements in ringside and medical equipment, safety, and regulations have resulted in a dramatic reduction in the fatality rate. Nonetheless, the rate of boxing-related head injuries, particularly concussions, remains unknown, due in large part to its variability in clinical presentation. Furthermore, the significance of repeat concussions sustained when boxing is just now being understood. In this article, we identify the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and management of boxing-related head injuries, and discuss preventive strategies to reduce head injuries sustained by boxers.

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Some New Data Related to Human Tolerance Obtained from Volunteer Boxers

Cited by 44 publications

References 5 publications

A New Model for Diffuse Brain Injury by Rotational Acceleration: I. Model, Gross Appearance, and Astrocytosis

A New Model for Diffuse Brain Injury by Rotational Acceleration: I. Model, Gross Appearance, and Astrocytosis

Head and Neck Loading in Everyday and Vigorous Activities

Boxing-Related Head Injuries

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