Source apportionment of traffic emissions of particulate matter using tunnel measurements

Lawrence, S.A.; Sokhi, Ranjeet S.; Ravindra, Khaiwal; Mao, Hongjun; Prain, H D; Bull, Ian D.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.040

Cited by 204 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Between the late 1990s and early 2000s, several papers reported concentrations of PAHs in the near-road environment (Smith and Harrison, 1996;Harrison et al, 2003) and there are a very limited number of studies focusing on analysis of molecular markers in high traffic environments in the UK Yin et al, 2010). Recent research literature has focused on sources such as wood burning and secondary PM (Harrison et al, 2012b;Fuller et al, 2014;Charron et al, 2013) apart from Lawrence et al (2013) who reported chemical composition of PM 10 in a road tunnel in Hatfield (UK). The only receptor modelling study from the UK highlighted the need for generation of local representative source profiles to overcome the uncertainty introduced by profiles from North America (Yin et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tunnels are often used for analysis of emissions from road vehicles including estimation of emission factors and physical and chemical characterization of vehicular emissions (El-Fadel and Hashisho, 2000). Several studies have been conducted for measurement of PM emissions in roadway tunnels in different parts of the world including the USA (Fraser et al, 1998;Abu-Allaban et al, 2002), China (He et al, 2008), Europe (Weingartner et al, 1997;Handler et al, 2008;El Haddad et al, 2009;Lawrence et al, 2013;Pio et al, 2013), New Zealand (Ancelet et al, 2011), Japan (Funasaka et al, 1998), Brazil (Brito et al, 2013) and Mexico (Mancilla and Mendoza, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Traffic-Related Particulate Matter Emissions in a Road Tunnel in Birmingham, UK: Trace Metals and Organic Molecular Markers

Pant

Shi

Pope

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Road traffic is one of the key sources of particulate matter (PM) in urban areas, and an understanding of the chemical composition of traffic emissions is important for source apportionment analysis. In this study, PM samples were collected simultaneously in a road tunnel and at a background site in Birmingham (UK) and analysed for a suite of elemental and organic species (hopanes, alkanes and PAH) with an aim to characterize the vehicular emissions in a tunnel environment and to prepare a composite mixed fleet profile for PM 2.5 traffic emissions. Large enrichment was observed for many organic and elemental species in the case of the tunnel samples with respect to the background site. The tunnel samples show a large enrichment of trace elements relative to the urban background with a mode at ca. 3 µm in the mass size distribution, indicative of emissions resulting from resuspension/abrasion sources. Cu, Ba and Sb were found to have the characteristic non-exhaust (brake wear) emission peaks in the coarse size range in the tunnel. A composite PM 2.5 traffic profile was prepared using the data from the two sites, and was compared against previously reported profiles. The profile was also compared against other traffic profiles from Europe and USA, and was found to be very similar to the previouslyreported PM 2.5 composite traffic profile from the UK. However, the uncertainties associated with the species were found to be much lower in the case of the tunnel profile from this study, and we conclude that this profile would be very suitable for use in Chemical Mass Balance Model analyses for the UK and other countries with a similar road traffic fleet mix.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Traffic-Related Particulate Matter Emissions in a Road Tunnel in Birmingham, UK: Trace Metals and Organic Molecular Markers

Pant

Shi

Pope

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…Improved information about the chemical characteristics of PM emissions is essential to model source contributions and to implement either source-oriented mitigation measures or health protection programmes. Diverse approaches have been used to quantify vehicle emissions, including chassis dynamometer tests (Zielinska et al;2004;Lim et al, 2006) and tunnel studies (Gillies et al, 2001;Phuleria et al, 2006;Lawrence et al, 2013;Pio et al, 2013), but most of the traffic emission profiles have been obtained in USA (Lough et al, 2005(Lough et al, , 2007Ning et al, 2008). However, the European fleet is quite different, with lower engine power and higher % of diesel vehicles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions from Light-Duty Diesel and Gasoline in-use Vehicles Measured on Chassis Dynamometer Test Cycles

Alves

Lopes

Calvo

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The reduction in vehicle exhaust emissions achieved in the last two decades is offset by the growth in traffic, as well as by changes in the composition of emitted pollutants. The present investigation illustrates the emissions of eight in-use gasoline and diesel passenger cars using the official European driving cycle and the ARTEMIS real-world driving cycles. Measurements comprised gaseous regulated pollutants (CO, CO 2 , NO x and hydrocarbons), particulate matter and its carbonaceous content (organic and elemental carbon, OC and EC), as well as about 20 different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the C 6 -C 11 range. It was observed that some of the vehicles do not comply with the corresponding regulations. Significant differences in emissions were registered between driving cycles. Not all regulated pollutants showed a tendency to decrease from Euro 3 to Euro 5. The particulate carbon emission factors were significantly lower under the ARTEMIS Road compared with the ARTEMIS Urban driving cycle with cold start. In general, cold start-up driving conditions produced the highest emission factors. A tendency to the decline of carbonaceous emissions from Euro 3 to Euro 5 diesel vehicles was observed, whilst this trend was not registered for petrol-powered cars. The fraction of total carbon composed of EC was much lower in particles emitted by petrol vehicles (< 10%) than by diesel engines (50-95%). However, the EC content in emissions from more modern vehicles equipped with diesel particulate filter (DPF) is almost negligible. Among VOCs, benzene, toluene and xylenes were generally the dominant species. A significant decrease in emissions from Euro 4 to Euro 5 petrol-powered vehicles was observed. The trend in VOC emissions is unclear when diesel engines are considered. During DPF regeneration cycles, pollutant emissions are several times larger than those during normal engine operation.

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“…Vanadium in fine particles was selected as an indicator for emission from ship traffic source (Zhao et al 2013). An investigation of traffic emission on Hatfield Tunnel shows that metals form average 27 % of total PM 10 (Lawrence et al 2013). The similar investigation in Marquês de Pombal tunnel (Pio et al 2013) shows that Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, etc., concentrated in the coarser size ranges are mainly emitted from mechanical processes (road resuspension, wear of brakes, and tires) while Zn, V, Pb, Cd, Ba, etc., appear to have a dual origin inside the engine and in mechanical wear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Trace elements in size-segregated urban aerosol in relation to the anthropogenic emission sources and the resuspension

Đorđević

Stortini

Relić

et al. 2014

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Source apportionment of traffic emissions of particulate matter using tunnel measurements

Cited by 204 publications

References 51 publications

Characterization of Traffic-Related Particulate Matter Emissions in a Road Tunnel in Birmingham, UK: Trace Metals and Organic Molecular Markers

Characterization of Traffic-Related Particulate Matter Emissions in a Road Tunnel in Birmingham, UK: Trace Metals and Organic Molecular Markers

Emissions from Light-Duty Diesel and Gasoline in-use Vehicles Measured on Chassis Dynamometer Test Cycles

Trace elements in size-segregated urban aerosol in relation to the anthropogenic emission sources and the resuspension

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