South Sulawesi Milkfish (Chanos Chanos) Scale Waste as a New Anti-inflammatory Material in Socket Preservation

Abstract

BACKGROUND: One of South Sulawesi’s huge brackish water fishery product is milkfish (Chanos chanos). Scales are wasted in milkfish processing. However, they are a good source of chitosan, which has been found to promote anti-inflammation, wound healing, and bone regeneration. AIM: This study aims to determine the effect of milkfish scales waste on the inflammatory response of wound healing after tooth extraction by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 analysis. METHODS: This is a post-test-only control group design study. Thirty-two Cavia cobaya were divided into four groups: (1) Socket preservation using milkfish scales chitosan, (2) milkfish scales chitosan + bovine xenograft, (3) bovine xenograft as a positive control, and (4) placebo as a negative control, then were sacrificed on 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 28th days. The mandible jaw specimen was taken for immunohistochemical analysis to determine the levels of TNF-α and IL-6. The data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Levene’s test, and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: On days 3, 7, 14, and 28, groups with chitosan added showed lower levels of TNF-α and a faster decrease in IL-6 expressions compared to those without chitosan. CONCLUSION: Milkfish scale chitosan suppresses TNF-α and IL-6 production, thus reducing inflammation in socket preservation.

Innovation of advanced polymers from seafood waste: Applications of chitin and chitosan

“…It has been demonstrated that the optimum approach for utilizing fish scales is either directly as food or indirectly to produce supplements for feed. In a study by, 47 milkfish can contain up to 37.4% chitosan following dehydration. Furthermore, antibacterial chemicals identified in scales of fish exhibiting bone‐like compositions may be used as dental restorations.…”

“…46 Chitin, calcium, a mineral proximate, alkaloid compounds, steroids, saponins, phenol hydroquinone, molisch, benedict, biuret, and ninhydrin are compounds found in scales of fish. 47 The scalar structure has been determined to be separated into two parts: a thin outer covering comprised of highly mineralized hyalodentin and a thick interior basal plate. 48 Pigments, hydroxyapatite crystals, and fibrous collagen arranged haphazardly, make up the composition of the hyalodentin layer.…”

“…They are generated on a vast scale, accounting for 1% of a fish's overall weight, making them one of the most significant contributors to waterway pollution across multiple countries 46 . Chitin, calcium, a mineral proximate, alkaloid compounds, steroids, saponins, phenol hydroquinone, molisch, benedict, biuret, and ninhydrin are compounds found in scales of fish 47 . The scalar structure has been determined to be separated into two parts: a thin outer covering comprised of highly mineralized hyalodentin and a thick interior basal plate 48 .…”

Development Of Raw Collagen From Waste Mılkfısh (Chanos chanos) Scales As A Preservatıve And Emulsıfyıng Agents

“…The results of this production activity are hard organic waste in the form of fish scales, skin and bones, which have the potential to pollute the environment, so it is necessary to process these wastes into products with selling value, including as a raw material for collagen 5 . Utilization of fish scale waste can be used as raw materials for chips, crackers, chitosan, collagen, and others 6,7 .…”