SPADnet: Embedded coincidence in a smart sensor network for PET applications

Bruschini, Claudio; Charbon, Edoardo; Veerappan, Chockalingam; Braga, Leo H. C.; Massari, Nicola; Perenzoni, Matteo; Gasparini, Leonardo; Stoppa, David; Walker, Richard; Erdogan, A.T.; Henderson, Robert K.; East, S.; Grant, Lindsay A.; Játékos, Balázs; Újhelyi, Ferenc; Erdei, Gábor; Lőrincz, Emőke; André, Luc; Maingault, L.; Reboud, V.; Verger, L.; d’Aillon, Eric Gros; Major, P.; Papp, Z.; Németh, Gábor

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2013.09.001

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Single photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) are solid-state detectors used for applications requiring high timing resolution and single photon sensitivity, including positron emission tomography (PET) [1][2][3][4][5], fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) [6,7], Raman spectroscopy [8,9], optical communication [10,11] and 3D ranging [12][13][14]. In clinical PET, time-of-flight (ToF) improves the positron-electron annihilation localization along the line of response resulting in a better contrast to noise ratio in the reconstructed image [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quenching Circuit and SPAD Integrated in CMOS 65 nm with 7.8 ps FWHM Single Photon Timing Resolution

et al. 2018

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This paper presents a new quenching circuit (QC) and single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) implemented in TSMC CMOS 65 nm technology. The QC was optimized for single photon timing resolution (SPTR) with a view to an implementation in a 3D digital SiPM. The presented QC has a timing jitter of 4 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM) and the SPAD and QC has a 7.8 ps FWHM SPTR. The QC adjustable threshold allows timing resolution optimization as well as SPAD excess voltage and rise time characterization. The adjustable threshold, hold-off and recharge are essential to optimize the performances of each SPAD. This paper also provides a better understanding of the different contributions to the SPTR. A study of the contribution of the SPAD excess voltage variation combined to the QC time propagation delay variation is presented. The proposed SPAD and QC eliminates the SPAD excess voltage contribution to the SPTR for excess voltage higher than 1 V due to its fixed time propagation delay.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quenching Circuit and SPAD Integrated in CMOS 65 nm with 7.8 ps FWHM Single Photon Timing Resolution

et al. 2018

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“…We implemented the tuned-direct-histogram TDC in a 28-nm Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA. The proposed TDC can be used to interface CMOS single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) for ranging, FLIM or positron emission tomography applications [7]. The output signals of CMOS SPADs [25] are compatible with the proposed TDC with very simple frontend circuitry converting the SPAD signals into digital ones.…”

Section: Design and Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dead time of a SPAD can range from several to tens of nanoseconds. Benefiting from a short dead time (<500 ps), the proposed TDC can serve multichannel SPADs for high-speed time-resolved spectroscopy applications [7].…”

Section: Design and Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Low Nonlinearity, Missing-Code Free Time-to-Digital Converter Based on 28-nm FPGAs With Embedded Bin-Width Calibrations

Chen

Zhang

2017

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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“…Examples are sensors developed by Philips Digital Photon Counting (PDPC) [34] and the SPADnet collaboration [35]. Advantages over analog SiPMs are the perfect scaling of performance with total sensor surface area of a system and the fact that poorly performing SPADs can be switched off individually.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiation hardness of dsipm sensors in a proton therapy radiation environment

Diblen

Buitenhuis

Solf

et al. 2017

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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Abstract-In vivo verification of dose delivery in proton therapy by means of positron emission tomography (PET) or prompt gamma imaging is mostly based on fast scintillation detectors. The digital silicon photomultiplier (dSiPM) allows excellent scintillation detector timing properties and is thus being considered for such verification methods. We present here the results of the first investigation of radiation damage to dSiPM sensors in a proton therapy radiation environment. Radiation hardness experiments were performed at the AGOR cyclotron facility at the KVI-Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen. A 150-MeV proton beam was fully stopped in a water target. In the first experiment, bare dSiPM sensors were placed at 25 cm from the Bragg peak, perpendicular to the beam direction, a geometry typical for an in situ implementation of a PET or prompt gamma imaging device. In the second experiment, dSiPM-based PET detectors containing lutetium yttrium orthosilicate scintillator crystal arrays were placed at 2 and 4 m from the Bragg peak, perpendicular to the beam direction; resembling an in-room PET implementation. Furthermore, the experimental setup was simulated with a Geant4-based Monte Carlo code in order to determine the angular and energy distributions of the neutrons and to determine the 1-MeV equivalent neutron fluences delivered to the dSiPM sensors. A noticeable increase in dark count rate (DCR) after an irradiation with about 10 8 1-MeV equivalent neutrons/cm 2 agrees with observations by others for analog SiPMs, indicating that the radiation damage occurs in the single photon avalanche diodes and not in the electronics integrated on the sensor chip. It was found that in the in situ location, the DCR becomes too large for successful operation after the equivalent of a few weeks of use in a proton therapy treatment room (about 5×10 13 protons). For PET detectors in an in-room setup, detector performance was unchanged even after an irradiation equivalent to three years of use in a treatment room (3 × 10 15 protons). Manuscript

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SPADnet: Embedded coincidence in a smart sensor network for PET applications

Cited by 18 publications

References 7 publications

Quenching Circuit and SPAD Integrated in CMOS 65 nm with 7.8 ps FWHM Single Photon Timing Resolution

Quenching Circuit and SPAD Integrated in CMOS 65 nm with 7.8 ps FWHM Single Photon Timing Resolution

A Low Nonlinearity, Missing-Code Free Time-to-Digital Converter Based on 28-nm FPGAs With Embedded Bin-Width Calibrations

Radiation hardness of dsipm sensors in a proton therapy radiation environment

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