Spatial analysis of annual air pollution exposure and mortality

Scoggins, Amanda; Kjellström, Tord; Fisher, Gavin; Connor, Jennie; Gimson, Neil R.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.09.020

Cited by 60 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…NO 2 is thought to cause respiratory and cardiovascular disease (EPA, 2000) and is an important precursor to ground level ozone. It has been linked to asthma in time-series studies (Migilaretti and Cavallo, 2004; Peel et al, 2005) and has been used as an indicator of traffic-related pollution (Migilaretti and Cavallo, 2004; Scoggins et al, 2004). The US Environmental Protection Agency identifies it as a public health concern as an irritant that exacerbates existing respiratory symptoms and triggers asthma (EPA, 2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children’s asthma hospitalizations and relative risk due to nitrogen dioxide (NO2): Effect modification by race, ethnicity, and insurance status

Grineski

Staniswalis

Peng

et al. 2010

Environmental Research

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Background This study explores the role of race, ethnicity, and insurance-status in modifying the effects of air pollution on children’s asthma hospitalizations in Phoenix, Arizona (US) between 2001 and 2003. While controlling for weather, interactions between nitrous dioxide (NO2) and race, ethnicity, and insurance-status are used to predict relative risk for subgroups of children. Methods The generalized logit regression model for nominal categorical data within a multinomial likelihood framework was used. This model is specifically suited to small counts and the reporting of 95% confidence intervals for the odds–ratio of hospital admission for one group as compared to another. The odds ratio is known to approximate relative risk for rare events. Results Several significant findings were found for race, ethnicity, and insurance-status as modulators for the effect of NO2 on children’s risk for asthma hospitalization: (1) Children without insurance have 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1–1.8) times higher risk of asthma admissions than those with private insurance at exceedances of .02 parts per million (ppm) of NO2 above the seasonal mean; the same finding holds for children without insurance as compared to those with Medicaid; (2) Black children have 2.1 (95% CI: 1.3 –3.3) times higher risk of hospitalization than Hispanic children at seasonal mean NO2 levels, but this disproportionate risk shrinks to 1.7 with exceedances of .02 ppm of NO2 above the seasonal mean. Specific to finding (1) among those children without health insurance, Hispanic children have 2.1 (95% CI: 1.1–3.8) times higher risk of hospitalization than white children. Among all Hispanic children, those without health insurance have 1.9 (95% CI: 1.3–3.0) times greater risk than those with private insurance; the same finding holds for Hispanic children without insurance as compared to Hispanic children with Medicaid. Specific to finding (2), among children with private insurance, the disproportionate risk of black children as compared to Hispanic children is magnified by a factor of 1.3 (95% CI: 1.0–1.8) for exceedances of .02 ppm of NO2 above the seasonal mean. Conclusions Although we cannot confirm a cause-effect relationship, this analysis suggests that increasing insurance enrollment for all children, and specifically Hispanic children, may reduce their disproportionate risk from exceedances of air pollution. There are few black children in Phoenix, so further studies are needed to investigate the increasing risk of black children with private insurance as compared to Hispanics at exceedances of NO2.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Children’s asthma hospitalizations and relative risk due to nitrogen dioxide (NO2): Effect modification by race, ethnicity, and insurance status

Grineski

Staniswalis

Peng

et al. 2010

Environmental Research

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“…This is because of their increased biological sensitivities and different exposure patterns [15,16]. The relative risks of PM10 were 1.045 for population with the age less than 15-year-old, 1.033 for population with the age more than 65-year-old, 1.023 for male, 0.990 for female and 1.011 for population with the age between 15-year-old and 65-year-old [17]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of population exposure to PM10 for respiratory disease in Lanzhou (China) and its health-related economic costs based on GIS

Sun

Yan

et al. 2013

BMC Public Health

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“…Indoor coal fire smoke and cooking oil fumes are also recognised risk factors for lung cancer (Thun et al 2008). However it is unlikely that ethnic differences in exposure to these carcinogens would bias the PGW-R SAMF estimates for two reasons: the number of deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution in New Zealand is relatively small (around 268 deaths per year for 1996-1999 in Auckland where about one third of the population live) (Scoggins et al 2004); and Maori and Pacific are not more likely to live in areas with worse particulate air pollution in New Zealand (Pearce and Kingham 2008). Furthermore, the incidence rate of lung cancer among lifetime non-smokers in the relatively affluent CPS-II cohort was similar to that in the Swedish Construction Worker cohort, suggesting that differences in exposure to occupational and environmental pollutants were either small or carried relatively low risk (Thun et al 2008).…”

Section: Exposure To Environmental Carcinogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the modified PGW method for determining the smoking attributable fraction of deaths in New Zealand Maori, Pacific and non-Maori non-Pacific populations

Sandiford¹,

Bramley²

2013

DemRes

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BACKGROUNDPreston, Glei, and Wilmoth recently proposed a new method for estimating smokingattributable mortality in high-income countries, and an improvement to the method was proposed by Rostron. The method greatly simplifies estimation of smoking-attributable fractions, but additional testing has been recommended to validate the approach. OBJECTIVEWe apply the Rostron (PGW-R) method to ethnic groups in New Zealand and compare the results with published estimates from other sources, with the purpose of determining their consistency and exploring possible reasons for any divergence. METHODSFour different sources were identified with ethnic-specific estimates of smokingattributable mortality fractions (SAMF) for Maori, Pacific Island, and European/Other ethnic groups in New Zealand for periods between 1995 and 1999. These employed a variety of direct and indirect estimation techniques. The results were compared with PGW-R method estimates for the same period and ethnic groups. RESULTSAlthough the PGW-R method produced SAMF estimates that were within 5% of those derived using the Peto-Lopez method for the European/Other and total populations (in males and females), there were significant discrepancies between them in the Maori and Pacific SAMF estimates. Results using direct methods from a census linkage study were inconsistent with both the Peto-Lopez and the PGW-R method. Seven possible 1 Waitemata District Health Board, New Zealand. E-mail: peter.sandiford@waitematadhb.govt.nz. 2 Waitemata District Health Board, New Zealand. E-mail: dale.bramley@waitematadhb.govt.nz. Sandiford & Bramley: Smoking attributable mortality in New Zealand 208http://www.demographic-research.org explanations for these discrepancies were considered and discussed, but none could fully account for the differences. CONCLUSIONSThe results of this work raise questions not only about the validity of the PGW-R method, but also about the accuracy of the estimates derived from the Peto-Lopez and direct methods, at least in these populations. Further research should examine the applicability of the key assumptions of the PGW method. Other work to determine the effects of possible misclassification bias in the direct method estimates would also aid interpretation of these findings. COMMENTSAccurate methods for determining the population health impact of smoking are vital for policymakers to ensure that tobacco control is awarded the appropriate emphasis and resourcing.

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Spatial analysis of annual air pollution exposure and mortality

Cited by 60 publications

References 33 publications

Children’s asthma hospitalizations and relative risk due to nitrogen dioxide (NO2): Effect modification by race, ethnicity, and insurance status

Children’s asthma hospitalizations and relative risk due to nitrogen dioxide (NO2): Effect modification by race, ethnicity, and insurance status

Assessment of population exposure to PM10 for respiratory disease in Lanzhou (China) and its health-related economic costs based on GIS

Application of the modified PGW method for determining the smoking attributable fraction of deaths in New Zealand Maori, Pacific and non-Maori non-Pacific populations

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