“…It can evaluate whether the data tend to be clustered, dispersed, or spatially random. It has been used to identify clustering ofCOVID-19 (Alcântara et al, 2020;Baum & Henry, 2020;Kang, Choi, Kim, & Choi, 2020;Liu, Fang, & Gao, 2020;Wu et al, 2020) and facilitate the production of vulnerability and risk maps (e.g.,Andrades-Grassi et al, 2020;Gomes et al, 2020;Shariati, Mesgari, Kasraee, & Jahangiri-Rad, 2020).As a global indicator, Moran's I neglects the instability of local spatial processes, which led to the development of the local version of Moran's I(Anselin, 1995) which identifies both the spatial clustering of entities with similar values and the occurrence of divergent values. This latter version is also known as a local indicator of spatial association (LISA) Xie et al (2020).…”