Spatial distributions and seasonal variations of organochlorine pesticides in water and soil samples in Bolu, Turkey

Abstract

In this study, a total of 75 water samples (38 groundwater and 37 surface water samples) and 54 surface soil samples were collected from the five districts of Bolu, which is located in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey in the summer season of 2009. In the autumn season, 17 water samples (surface water and groundwater samples) and 17 soil samples were collected within the city center to observe the seasonal changes of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Groundwater and surface water samples were extracted using solid phase extraction. Soil samples were extracted ultrasonically. Sixteen OCP compounds in the standard solution were detected by a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Therefore, the method validation was performed for those 16 OCP compounds. However, 13 OCP compounds could be observed in the samples. The concentrations of most OCPs were higher in samples collected in the summer than those in the autumn. The most frequently observed pesticides were endosulfan sulfate and 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in groundwater samples, α-HCH in surface water samples, and endosulfan sulfate in soil samples. The average concentration of endosulfan sulfate was the highest in water and soil samples. Compared to the literature values, the average concentrations in this study were lower values. Spatial distribution of OCPs was evaluated with the aid of contour maps for the five districts of Bolu. Generally, agricultural processes affected the water and soil quality in the region. However, non-agricultural areas were also affected by pesticides. The concentrations of pesticides were below the legal limits of European directives for each pesticide.

Seasonal monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in water, soil, and sediment in a small pond and determining ecotoxicological risk assessment

“…This is a sign that DDT is used in high amounts even though it is prohibited. In general, Bolu counties were affected heavily by pesticides used for agricultural applications (Karadeniz & Yenisoy-Karakas, 2015).]. It is determined in this study that organochlorine pesticides are higher in summer months than in spring and they are also higher in surface waters than groundwaters.…”

Risk assessment of an organochlorine pesticide mixture in the surface waters of Qingshitan Reservoir in Southwest China

“…where HI (hazard index) and maxHQ i (the maximum of the hazard quotients of the individual substances) are dened in eqn (5) and (4), respectively. where C i is the concentration of the ith compound, RV i is the health-based reference value of ith compound (expressed as a concentration), HQ i is the hazard quotient of the individual's exposure to the ith compound.…”

“…2 OCPs are internationally controlled by the 2004 Stockholm Convention because of their adverse human health effects, including cancer, reproductive defects, and endocrine, and immunological toxicities. 3 OCPs can still be widely detected in the global environment because of their high chemical stability and migration properties, [4][5][6] which may threaten ecological integrities and humans.…”

Levels and Distribution of Pollutants in the Waters of an Aquatic Ecosystem in Northern Mexico

“…Exposure of the uterus to DDT increases the risk of breast cancer [9]. The principle route of human exposure to DDT is consumption of foods contaminated by irrigation with waters containing trace concentrations of this contaminant [10,11]. …”