Spatial patterns of human water contact and Schistosoma mansoni transmission and infection in four rural areas in Machakos District, Kenya

Kloos, Helmut; Fulford, Anthony J. C.; Butterworth, A E; Sturrock, R. F.; Ouma, John H.; Kariuki, H. Curtis; Thiongo, F. W.; Dalton, P.R.; Klumpp, R. K.

doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00218-3

Cited by 65 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Splenomegaly is known to be associated with anaemia, possibly because of sequestration of red blood cells in the spleen which reduces the effective circulating mass of red blood cells (Kloos et al, 1997). However, no correlation was observed between splenomegaly and anaemia in the present study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Anaemia and organomegaly associated with parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Sengerema District, north-western Tanzania

Mazigo

Lwambo

Mkoji

et al. 2010

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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Anaemia and organomegaly are among the health problems affecting schoolchildren in Tanzania and their causes are multifactorial. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anaemia and organomegaly and their relationship with single and multiple parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Sengerema District in north-west Tanzania. This cross sectional study involved 400 schoolchildren. Anaemia and organomegaly were determined using HemoCue photometer and clinical palpation, respectively. A Kato-Katz technique was employed to screen faecal samples for Schistosoma mansoni and other intestinal helminths. Giemsa stained thick and thin blood smears were examined for malaria parasites. The prevalence of anaemia was 19.5% (<11g/dl) and majority of the children had mild (22.8%) to moderate (36.6%) anaemia. Organomegaly (palpable spleen and liver) was detected in 41% of the children and hepatomegaly was the most common (53.7%). The prevalence of S. mansoni, hookworm and P. falciparum were 64.3%, 38% and 13.5% respectively. No significant relationship was observed between single and multiple parasitic infections with anaemia and organomegaly. Logistic regression analysis revealed that increased infections intensity of S. mansoni was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of hookworm concomitant infections (P<0.002). In conclusion, the data confirm that malaria, intestinal schistosomiasis and hookworm are common among school children but are not associated with anaemia and organomegaly. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to establish any such association. The prevalence of parasitic co-infections among schoolchildren calls for an integrated control approach to reduce the burden of these infections. _________________________________________________________________________________

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Anaemia and organomegaly associated with parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Sengerema District, north-western Tanzania

Mazigo

Lwambo

Mkoji

et al. 2010

Tanzania J Hlth Res

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“…Instead, fibrosis in adults has been most strongly associated with gender and duration of infection (5). Studies that have attempted to link exposure (e.g., water contact) to intensity of infection and disease in humans have produced conflicting results (36,37). Studies in Brazil suggested that exposure is not strongly associated with intensity of infection (36), whereas reports from Africa came to the opposite conclusion (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies that have attempted to link exposure (e.g., water contact) to intensity of infection and disease in humans have produced conflicting results (36,37). Studies in Brazil suggested that exposure is not strongly associated with intensity of infection (36), whereas reports from Africa came to the opposite conclusion (37). Discrepancies in these studies are probably related to difficulties in using water contact as an accurate measure of exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated Exposure Induces Periportal Fibrosis inSchistosoma mansoni-Infected Baboons: Role of TGF-β and IL-4

Farah

Mola

Kariuki

et al. 2000

The Journal of Immunology

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Recently, we observed that repeated Schistosoma mansoni infection and treatment boost Th2-associated cytokines and TGF-β production in baboons. Other studies have shown that some chronically infected baboons develop hepatic fibrosis. Because TGF-β, IL-2, and IL-4 have been shown to participate in development of fibrosis in murine schistosomiasis, the present study examined whether repeated exposure stimulates hepatic fibrosis in olive baboons. To test this hypothesis, animals were exposed to similar numbers of S. mansoni cercariae given once or repeatedly. After 19 wk of infection, animals were cured with praziquantel and reinfected once or multiple times. Hepatic granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis were assessed from serial liver biopsies taken at weeks 6, 9, and 16 after reinfection and egg Ag (schistosome egg Ag)-specific cytokine production by PBMC were measured simultaneously. Periportal fibroblast infiltration and extracellular matrix deposition (fibrosis), angiogenesis, and biliary duct hyperplasia developed in some animals. The presence and amount of fibrosis directly correlated with the frequency of exposure. Fibrosis was not associated with adult worm or tissue egg burden. The amount of fibrosis correlated with increased schistosome egg Ag-driven TGF-β at 6, 9, and 16 wk postinfection (rs = 0.9, 0.8, and 0.54, respectively, all p < 0.01) and IL-4 production (p = 0.02) at 16 wk postinfection and not IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-5, or IL-10. These data suggest that repeated exposure is a risk factor for periportal fibrosis by a mechanism that primes lymphocytes to produce increased levels of profibrotic molecules that include TGF-β and IL-4.

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“…This can be easily explained by the large number of water bodies that offer opportunities for water contact within the urban area and rural areas of São Lourenço da Mata and nearby. Other studies have reached differing conclusions concerning frequency and distance (7,9,24). These various studies all provide useful information, but for the planning of local interventions they should be supplemented by broader research.…”

Section: Pattern Of Water Contact and Schistosomiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…methods of collecting and analyzing data, and have been performed in various environments and time periods (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social environment, behavior, and schistosomiasis in an urban population in the Northeast of Brazil

Ximenes¹,

Southgate²,

Smith³

et al. 2001

Rev Panam Salud Publica

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Spatial patterns of human water contact and Schistosoma mansoni transmission and infection in four rural areas in Machakos District, Kenya

Cited by 65 publications

References 20 publications

Anaemia and organomegaly associated with parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Sengerema District, north-western Tanzania

Anaemia and organomegaly associated with parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Sengerema District, north-western Tanzania

Repeated Exposure Induces Periportal Fibrosis inSchistosoma mansoni-Infected Baboons: Role of TGF-β and IL-4

Social environment, behavior, and schistosomiasis in an urban population in the Northeast of Brazil

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