Spatially Refined Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing Efficiencies

Henze, D. K.; Shindell, D. T.; Akhtar, F.; Spurr, Robert; Pinder, R. W.; Loughlin, Daniel H.; Kopacz, M.; Singh, Kumaresh; Shim, Changsub

doi:10.1021/es301993s

Cited by 63 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…separate the world into four latitude bands and estimated regional responses from regional RFs for some selected LLGHGs and SLCFs, though it is feasible to do this at smaller scales (Henze et al, 2012). This work has been extended by introducing the Absolute Regional Temperature Potential (ARTP) (Shindell, 2012;Collins et al, 2013).…”

Section: Regional Metric Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple emission metrics for climate impacts

2013

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In the context of climate change, emissions of different species (e.g., carbon dioxide and methane) are not directly comparable since they have different radiative efficiencies and lifetimes. Since comparisons via detailed climate models are computationally expensive and complex, emission metrics were developed to allow a simple and straightforward comparison of the estimated climate impacts of emissions of different species. Emission metrics are not unique and variety of different emission metrics has been proposed, with key choices being the climate impacts and time horizon to use for comparisons. In this paper, we present analytical expressions and describe how to calculate common emission metrics for different species. We include the climate metrics radiative forcing, integrated radiative forcing, temperature change and integrated temperature change in both absolute form and normalised to a reference gas. We consider pulse emissions, sustained emissions and emission scenarios. The species are separated into three types: CO₂ which has a complex decay over time, species with a simple exponential decay, and ozone precursors (NO_x, CO, VOC) which indirectly effect climate via various chemical interactions. We also discuss deriving Impulse Response Functions, radiative efficiency, regional dependencies, consistency within and between metrics and uncertainties. We perform various applications to highlight key applications of emission metrics, which show that emissions of CO₂ are important regardless of what metric and time horizon is used, but that the importance of short lived climate forcers varies greatly depending on the metric choices made. Further, the ranking of countries by emissions changes very little with different metrics despite large differences in metric values, except for the shortest time horizons (GWP20)

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Section: Regional Metric Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple emission metrics for climate impacts

2013

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“…The forcing per unit emission term is a single timeseries for emissions from any location for well-mixed greenhouse gases (WMGHGs), but for short-lived compounds this will depend on the location and timing of emissions (Berntsen et al, 2005;Bond et al, 2011;Naik et al, 2007). Recent studies have provided estimates of this term for short-lived species, including (Bond et al, 2011) and (Henze et al, 2012). The second term in the sum is a matrix hereafter called the RTP coefficients and abbreviated RTPcoeff a ,a where a and a indicate the forcing and response areas, respectively.…”

Section: T Shindell Et Al: Evaluation Of the Absolute Regional Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the absolute regional temperature potential

Shindell

2012

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The Absolute Regional Temperature Potential (ARTP) is one of the few climate metrics that provides estimates of impacts at a sub-global scale. The ARTP presented here gives the time-dependent temperature response in four latitude bands (90-28 • S, 28 • S-28 • N, 28-60 • N and 60-90 • N) as a function of emissions based on the forcing in those bands caused by the emissions. It is based on a large set of simulations performed with a single atmosphere-ocean climate model to derive regional forcing/response relationships. Here I evaluate the robustness of those relationships using the forcing/response portion of the ARTP to estimate regional temperature responses to the historic aerosol forcing in three independent climate models. These ARTP results are in good accord with the actual responses in those models. Nearly all ARTP estimates fall within ±20 % of the actual responses, though there are some exceptions for 90-28 • S and the Arctic, and in the latter the ARTP may vary with forcing agent. However, for the tropics and the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in particular, the ±20 % range appears to be roughly consistent with the 95 % confidence interval. Land areas within these two bands respond 39-45 % and 9-39 % more than the latitude band as a whole. The ARTP, presented here in a slightly revised form, thus appears to provide a relatively robust estimate for the responses of large-scale latitude bands and land areas within those bands to inhomogeneous radiative forcing and thus potentially to emissions as well. Hence this metric could allow rapid evaluation of the effects of emissions policies at a finer scale than global metrics without requiring use of a full climate model.

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“…They contribute to formation of fine particulate matter (PM) that has adverse effects on air quality and visibility Lelieveld et al, 2015) and causes a cooling climatic forcing (Martin et al, 2004;Henze et al, 2012). Their deposition to nonagricultural ecosystems can further lead to soil acidification and eutrophication (Stevens et al, 2004;Bowman et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural ammonia emissions in China: reconciling bottom-up and top-down estimates

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Current estimates of agricultural ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions in China differ by more than a factor of 2, hindering our understanding of their environmental consequences. Here we apply both bottom-up statistical and top-down inversion methods to quantify NH 3 emissions from agriculture in China for the year 2008. We first assimilate satellite observations of NH 3 column concentration from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) using the GEOS-Chem adjoint model to optimize Chinese anthropogenic NH 3 emissions at the 1/2 • × 2/3 • horizontal resolution for MarchOctober 2008. Optimized emissions show a strong summer peak, with emissions about 50 % higher in summer than spring and fall, which is underestimated in current bottom-up NH 3 emission estimates. To reconcile the latter with the topdown results, we revisit the processes of agricultural NH 3 emissions and develop an improved bottom-up inventory of Chinese NH 3 emissions from fertilizer application and livestock waste at the 1/2 • × 2/3 • resolution. Our bottom-up emission inventory includes more detailed information on crop-specific fertilizer application practices and better accounts for meteorological modulation of NH 3 emission factors in China. We find that annual anthropogenic NH 3 emissions are 11.7 Tg for 2008, with 5.05 Tg from fertilizer application and 5.31 Tg from livestock waste. The two sources together account for 88 % of total anthropogenic NH 3 emissions in China. Our bottom-up emission estimates also show a distinct seasonality peaking in summer, consistent with topdown results from the satellite-based inversion. Further evaluations using surface network measurements show that the model driven by our bottom-up emissions reproduces the observed spatial and seasonal variations of NH 3 gas concentrations and ammonium (NH + 4 ) wet deposition fluxes over China well, providing additional credibility to the improvements we have made to our agricultural NH 3 emission inventory.

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Spatially Refined Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing Efficiencies

Cited by 63 publications

References 71 publications

Simple emission metrics for climate impacts

Simple emission metrics for climate impacts

Evaluation of the absolute regional temperature potential

Agricultural ammonia emissions in China: reconciling bottom-up and top-down estimates

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