Speciation and origin of PM10 and PM2.5 in selected European cities

Querol, Xavier; Alastuey, Andrés; Ruiz, Carolina Castillo; Artı́ñano, Begoña; Hansson, H. C.; Harrison, Roy M.; Buringh, Eltjo; Brink, H.M. ten; Lutz, Martin; Brückmann, Peter; Straehl, Peter; Schneider, Jürgen

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.037

Cited by 567 publications

(296 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Table 1 indicates that that both PM 2.5 and PM 10 show an increase moving from background sites to industrial and to urban sites. The concentration levels and the trend observed are in agreement with the results obtained in other European areas [23,24]. These increases are statistically significant, with the exclusion of the difference between industrial and urban in PM 2.5 , at 5% probability according to the t-Student test.…”

Section: Pm 10 and Pm 25 Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 80%

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Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and Their Metals Content in Different Typologies of Sites in South-Eastern Italy

et al. 2014

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Samples of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were collected discontinuously between 2003 and 2010 at fifteen monitoring sites (urban, background, industrial) in the south-eastern part of Italy using a mobile laboratory. In total, 483 PM 10 and 154 PM 2.5 samples were collected and chemically analyzed for the determination of metal content. Data were used to investigate concentration differences among the typologies of sites, the seasonal patterns, and the influence of advection of Saharan dust (SD). PM 10 and PM 2.5 average concentrations increase from background to industrial and urban sites but the ratio PM 2.5 /PM 10 is significantly lower (0.61 ± 0.10) in background sites. The average metals concentrations in PM 10 and in PM 2.5 do not show a clear dependence on site typology apart an increase in crustal elements in background sites and an increase in the enrichment factors of Ni and of Cr in PM 10 in industrial sites. Urban sites show a statistically significant increase of PM 10 average concentration during the cold seasons (autumn and winter), likely associated with the anthropogenic urban emissions, instead, the background sites show a decrease in concentrations during the cold seasons. This could be due to more frequent cases of SD observed in spring and summer periods that mainly influence background sites. The seasonal difference on the average concentration for industrial sites is not statistically significant. The SD cases influence both PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations but their effect is significantly larger on PM 10 . Over the studied area, the effect is relatively limited on long-term average PM 10 (estimated increase of 3.2%) and PM 2.5 (estimated increase of 1.5%) concentrations but it OPEN ACCESSAtmosphere 2014, 5 436 is significant on daily concentrations. It is estimated an increase of 22% of the probability to overcome the air quality standard daily threshold for PM 10 .

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Section: Pm 10 and Pm 25 Concentrationssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…The comparison of metal concentrations in different typologies of sites has been performed, for example, in Spain [23,24] and in other locations in Central and Northern Europe [32,33]. However, detailed results for the area investigated are not available.…”

Section: Pm 10 and Pm 25 Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and Their Metals Content in Different Typologies of Sites in South-Eastern Italy

et al. 2014

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“…Field measurements showed elevated levels of PM10 in the vicinity of roads (Lenschow et al, 2001). In Spain field measurements showed that resuspended particles from paved roads had a considerable impact on urban air pollution (Querol et al, 2004b). More recently, the resuspendable amount of particles was experimentally evaluated in the Barcelona area in Spain (Amato et al, 2009a,b;.…”

Section: System Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An annual assessment of air quality with the CALIOPE modeling system over Spain

Baldasano

Pay

Jorba

et al. 2011

Science of The Total Environment

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The CALIOPE project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of the Environment, aims at establishing an air quality forecasting system for Spain. With this goal, CALIOPE modeling system was developed and applied with high resolution (4 km x 4 km, 1hr) using the HERMES emission model (including emissions of resuspended particles from paved roads) specifically built up for Spain. The present study provides an evaluation and an assessment of that air quality modeling system, namely WRF-ARW/HERMES/CMAQ/BSC-DREAM8b for a full year simulation in 2004 over Spain. The evaluation focused on the capability of the model to reproduce the temporal and spatial distribution of gas phase species (NO2, O3, and SO2) and particulate matter (PM10) against ground-based measurements from the Spanish air quality monitoring network. The evaluation of the modeling results on an hourly basis showed a strong dependency of the performance of the model on the type of zone (urban, suburban and rural) and the dominant emission sources (traffic, industrial, and background). The O3 chemistry is best represented in summer, when mean hourly variability and high peaks are generally well reproduced. The mean normalized error and bias meet the recommendations proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and the European regulations. Modeled O3 shows higher performance for urban than for rural stations, especially at traffic stations in large cities, since stations influenced by traffic emissions (i.e. high NOx emissions) are better characterized with a more pronounced daily variability. NOx/O3 chemistry is better represented under non-limited-NO2 regimes. SO 2 is mainly produced from isolated point sources (power generation and transformation industries) which generate large plumes of high SO 2 concentration affecting the air quality on a local to national scale where the meteorological pattern is crucial. The contribution of mineral dust from the Sahara desert through the BSC-DREAM8b model helps to satisfactorily reproduce episodic high PM10 concentration peaks at background stations. The model assessment indicates that one of the main air quality-related problems in Spain is the high level of O3. A quarter of the Iberian Peninsula presents more than 30 days exceeding the value 120 µg m -3 for the maximum 8-hr O3 concentration as a consequence of the transport of O3 precursors downwind the Madrid and Barcelona metropolitan areas, and industrial areas and cities in the Mediterranean coast.

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“…Establishing the carbonaceous content of atmospheric particles has been the objective of several studies as it represents an essential fraction of particulate matter Na et al, 2004;Putaud et al, 2004;Querol et al, 2004;Yu et al, 2004;Yttri et al, 2007;Pey et al, 2010;Pio et al, 2011). These studies provide evidence for the relative importance of road traffic and high wintertime energy consumption, combined with unfavorable meteorological conditions and summertime traffic, but also indicate that secondary organic aerosol is a major source of carbonaceous aerosol in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term characterization of organic and elemental carbon in the PM<sub>2.5</sub> fraction: the case of Athens, Greece

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and main ions were measured in a total of 1510 PM 2.5 daily aerosol samples collected from May 2008 to April 2013 in Athens, Greece. OC and EC concentrations were 2.1 ± 1.3 µg m −3 and 0.54 ± 0.39 µg m −3 , accounting for 11 ± 3 % and 3 ± 1 % of PM 2.5 mass, respectively, with an average OC / EC ratio of 4.7 ± 3.1. Significant correlation was found between OC and EC during the whole period, indicating emissions by common primary sources on a regional scale. WSOC concentration ranged from 0.03 to 10.6 µg m −3 , with an average of 1.5 ± 0.9 µg m −3 . By considering the Finokalia (Crete) station as a reference, it was estimated that, during the warm season in Athens, 67 ± 7 % of emitted OC and 53 ± 12 % of emitted EC is regional, while, during cold months, the regional contribution of OC is only 33 ± 7 % and of EC 29 ± 8 %. Furthermore, secondary organic carbon (SOC) was calculated for the warm period of the year (April to October). The estimated SOC constituted about 75 ± 6 % of PM 2.5 organic carbon in Athens, highlighting significant aging processes on a regional scale. In the period 2011-2013 and during wintertime, an increase in OC and EC levels was observed, attributed to an increase in wood burning for domestic heating due to the economic crisis.

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Speciation and origin of PM10 and PM2.5 in selected European cities

Cited by 567 publications

References 13 publications

Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and Their Metals Content in Different Typologies of Sites in South-Eastern Italy

Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and Their Metals Content in Different Typologies of Sites in South-Eastern Italy

An annual assessment of air quality with the CALIOPE modeling system over Spain

Long-term characterization of organic and elemental carbon in the PM<sub>2.5</sub> fraction: the case of Athens, Greece

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Speciation and origin of PM10 and PM2.5 in selected European cities

Cited by 567 publications

References 13 publications

Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and Their Metals Content in Different Typologies of Sites in South-Eastern Italy

Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 and Their Metals Content in Different Typologies of Sites in South-Eastern Italy

An annual assessment of air quality with the CALIOPE modeling system over Spain

Long-term characterization of organic and elemental carbon in the PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; fraction: the case of Athens, Greece

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Long-term characterization of organic and elemental carbon in the PM<sub>2.5</sub> fraction: the case of Athens, Greece