Specific absorption rate reduction using metasurface unit cell for flexible polydimethylsiloxane antenna for 2.4 GHz wearable applications

Janapala, Doondi Kumar; Nesasudha, M.; Neebha, T. Mary; Kumar, Raj

doi:10.1002/mmce.21835

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Table 3 lists the comparison of the proposed metamaterial's SAR reduction percentage and gain with the other structures that are discussed in the recent literature. It is inferred that the proposed structure for SAR reduction is compact in size compared with the others proposed in [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. However, the multi split square ring metamaterial in [32] is more compact, and yet the percentage reduction achieved in the proposed work is more than that of the former.…”

Section: Specific Absorption Rate Analysismentioning

confidence: 85%

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A Triple-Band Antenna With a Metamaterial Slab for Gain Enhancement and Specific Absorption Rate (Sar) Reduction

Rosaline¹

2021

PIER C

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A compact triple-band antenna of size 20 × 13 × 1.6 mm 3 for WLAN (2.4/5 GHz) and WiMAX (3.5 GHz) applications and a metamaterial slab for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) reduction are proposed in this paper. The antenna comprises a rectangular patch with two conjoint square split rings, attached along its top edge, to excite two resonances in the 2.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz range. The antenna is also backed with a slotted ground plane structure to achieve miniaturization. The radiator is subsequently slotted to yield the third tone around 3.5 GHz. Several parameters are tuned independently to achieve the desired bands of resonance around (2.2-2.6) GHz, (3.40-3.60) GHz, and (5.0-6.9) GHz with impedance bandwidths of 17%, 5.5%, and 46%, respectively. To validate the simulated results, the designed antenna is fabricated and measured experimentally. Later, a metamaterial slab composed of a 5 × 3 array of pentagonal split-rings printed on a 20 × 13 × 1.6 mm 3 FR-4 substrate is placed above the antenna at a suitable distance to increase the gain as well as to reduce the SAR. Inclusion of this slab improved the maximum radiation efficiency and gain of the proposed antenna from 65% and 2.7 dB to 80% and 3 dB. A cubical tissue model is designed and used for simulation. SAR reduction of 84.5% is inferred with the metamaterial slab. This paper has taken a cubical tissue model for SAR calculation, which can be further enhanced by taking a human phantom model in future.

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Section: Specific Absorption Rate Analysismentioning

confidence: 85%

“…In recent years, electromagnetic metamaterials have been used widely for SAR reduction in the design of antennas [26][27][28]. A flexible dual-band antenna with a metamaterial structure for SAR reduction is shown in [29]. An embroidered metamaterial antenna based on an electromagnetic bandgap shielding structure is proposed in [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Triple-Band Antenna With a Metamaterial Slab for Gain Enhancement and Specific Absorption Rate (Sar) Reduction

Rosaline¹

2021

PIER C

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“…Usman et al 6 demonstrate high gain, but the size of the antenna is large. Antennas fabricated by Usman et al 6 and Kumar Janapala et al 8 possess complex design structures. That of Kumar Janapala et al 8 also provides low gain, and Mahmud et al's 42 antenna is also designed with leather substrate but the dimensions of the antenna occupy more volume.…”

Section: Comparison Of Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible leather substrate dual-band wearable antenna with impact analysis on testing under wet condition for human rescue system

Regina¹,

Merline²

2021

Textile Research Journal

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Wearable flexible antennas have yielded much attention in recent years because of their interesting features and capabilities for enabling flexible, lightweight, portable and low cost wireless communication. The proposed research work offers the design of the flexible wearable patch antenna with four single Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) using a leather substrate for better performance. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated with leather substrate at the operating frequencies of 0.99 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The antenna is fabricated and validated under free space (normal condition), partially wet, fully wet and dried after wet conditions using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Different parameters such as reflection coefficient, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and gain of the fabricated antenna are measured, and they are compared with the simulation results. The validated results show that the performance of the proposed antenna under free space, partially wet, fully wet and dried after wet conditions is virtually equal. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of this proposed antenna is also investigated for 10g tissues and the SARs are 0.0168763 W/kg and 0.69567 W/kg at the operating frequencies of 0.99 GHz and 3.5 GHz, respectively. As a result, its good performance in wet conditions along with low cost and ready availability of leather material means the proposed antenna can be used for human safety environments, especially in military applications, etc.

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“…Despite the fact that there are various research works that were performed in the SAR reduction field, they remain limited in terms of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) resonance frequencies and their performance. For instance, Janapala et al 22 in 2019 proposed a polydimethylsiloxane-based flexible antenna metasurface. In this research work, the authors analysed two different antennas with leaf structure design, i.e., with and without metasurface at 2.40 GHz WLAN ISM band.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of 5G cellular network radiation in wireless mobile phone using an asymmetric square shaped passive metamaterial design

Ramachandran

Faruque

Siddiky

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of metamaterial application in absorption reduction of 5G electromagnetic (EM) energy in the human head tissue. In a general sense, the radio frequency (RF) energy that received by wireless mobile phone from the base station, will emit to surrounding when the devices are in active mode. Since the latest fifth generation technology standard for cellular networks is upon us, the emission of radiation from any wireless devices needs to be taken into consideration. This motivation helps to prepare this paper that focuses on construction of novel and compact square-shaped metamaterial (SM) design to reduce electromagnetic exposure to humans. The commercially available substrate material known as FR-4 with thickness of 1.6 mm was selected to place the metamaterial design on it. The electromagnetic properties and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analyses were carried out numerically by utilising high-performance 3D EM analysis, Computer Simulation Technology Studio (CST) software. Meanwhile, for the validation purpose, the metamaterial designs for both unit and array cells were fabricated to measure the electromagnetic properties of the material. From the numerical simulation, the introduced SM design manifested quadruple resonance frequencies in multi bands precisely at 1.246 (at L-band), 3.052, 3.794 (at S-band), and 4.858 (C-band) GHz. However, the comparison of numerically simulated and measured data reveals a slight difference between them where only the second resonance frequency was decreased by 0.009 GHz while other frequencies were increased by 0.002, 0.045, and 0.117 GHz in sequential order. Moreover, the SAR analysis recorded high values at 3.794 GHz with 61.16% and 70.33% for 1 g and 10 g of tissue volumes, respectively. Overall, our results demonstrate strong SAR reduction effects, and the proposed SM design may be considered a promising aspect in the telecommunication field.

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Specific absorption rate reduction using metasurface unit cell for flexible polydimethylsiloxane antenna for 2.4 GHz wearable applications

Cited by 19 publications

References 33 publications

A Triple-Band Antenna With a Metamaterial Slab for Gain Enhancement and Specific Absorption Rate (Sar) Reduction

A Triple-Band Antenna With a Metamaterial Slab for Gain Enhancement and Specific Absorption Rate (Sar) Reduction

Flexible leather substrate dual-band wearable antenna with impact analysis on testing under wet condition for human rescue system

Reduction of 5G cellular network radiation in wireless mobile phone using an asymmetric square shaped passive metamaterial design

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