Speech Quality and the Gating Paradigm

Nooteboom, S.G.; Doodeman, G.J.N.

doi:10.1515/9783110884685-074

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Gating studies have confirmed, for example, that the beginnings of words in English typically contain a greater amount of discriminative phonological information than in the latter parts of words (Wingfield et al 1997) and that there is an advantage for words with a high frequency of occurrence in the language relative to low-frequency words (Grosjean 1980). Relevant to our present interests, gating studies have also shown that a greater amount of a word’s onset will be needed for recognition if speech quality is poor (Nooteboom & Doodeman 1984; Grosjean 1985; Moradi et al 2014), and that words heard within a semantically-constraining sentence context can often be recognized with as little as the first 150 to 200 ms of their onset duration (Grosjean 1980; Marslen-Wilson 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Linguistic Context Versus Semantic Competition in Word Recognition by Younger and Older Adults With Cochlear Implants

et al. 2018

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Consistent with previous research with normal-hearing younger and older adults, the present results showed older adult implant users' recognition of spoken words to be highly sensitive to linguistic context. This sensitivity, however, also resulted in a greater degree of interference from other words that might also be activated by the context, with negative effects on ease of word recognition. These results are consistent with an age-related inhibition deficit extending to the domain of semantic constraints on word recognition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Linguistic Context Versus Semantic Competition in Word Recognition by Younger and Older Adults With Cochlear Implants

et al. 2018

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“…Our results are clear in their support of prior claims that spoken word recognition can occur when little more than half of a word's full acoustic signal has been heard, even when the word is heard in isolation. From prior work we can presume that this figure would be shorter for words heard in context (Grosjean, 1980;Marslen-Wilson, 1984;Tyler, 1984), and longer had the pronunciation or signal quality been less optimal (Grosjean, 1985;Nooteboom & Doodeman, 1984). This rapid identification can be seen as a consequence of the very rapid reduction in potential word candidates as more and more of the word is heard.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Although longer gate sizes will be required if speech quality or signal clarity is poor (cf. Grosjean, 1985;Nooteboom & Doodeman, 1984), the results from these gating studies are nevertheless impressive.…”

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confidence: 98%

Recognition of isolated words: The dynamics of cohort reduction

Wayland

Wingfield

Goodglass

1989

Applied Psycholinguistics

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In the experiment reported here, subjects heard the beginnings of spoken words, followed by increasingly larger segments of word-onset information until the words could be correctly identified. The likelihood of word identification at any given point was found to be an inverse power function of the number of words in a dictionary count that began with the same sounds as the stimulus. Subjects' prerecognition responses consisted of words drawn from a wide range of word frequencies. The variance in frequency decreased with increasing amounts of wordonset information. Results are discussed in terms of word-initial phonology as a trigger for response activation.Word finding -the process by which the phonological form of a desired word is brought above threshold for utterance -stands as a central topic for both normal and aphasic subjects. In a recent experiment we used a variant on the classic tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiment, in which we gave subjects spoken definitions of low-frequency (uncommon) words and asked for the correct words that fit those definitions. In most TOT studies, subjects unable to give a correct response are interrogated about whether they know the length, initial letters, or other features of the target word (cf. Brown & McNeill, 1966;Koriat & Lieblich, 1974;Rubin, 1975). In our case we attempted to infer subjects' knowledge of inaccessible target-word features by analyzing their spontaneously spoken interim response attempts (Kohn, Wingfield, Menn, Goodglass, Gleason, & Hyde, 1987).Our results showed that fragmentary responses that matched the first sounds of the target words were more likely to precede a correct response than to precede a failure. This, and related findings from that study, suggested that the amount of partial phonological knowledge with which the subject entered the search was a good predictor of likelihood of success.The importance of word-initial phonology to word retrieval can also be

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“…In this technique, a listener is allowed to hear increasing amounts of word-onset information until the word can be correctly identified: for example, the subject hears the first 50 ms of a word, then the first 100 ms of the word, then the first 150 ms of the word, and so on, until the word is correctly reported. In fluent discourse, words are often underarticulated (Lieberman, 1963;Pickett & Pollack, 1963;Wingfield, Alexander, & Cavigelli, 1994), and the word-onset duration necessary for identification will vary with the clarity of the speech signal (Grosjean, 1985;Nooteboom & Doodeman, 1984). It is nevertheless the case that words heard in isolation (i.e., without a constraining sentence context) can be recognized, on average, with little more than the first half of their full acoustic duration (Grosjean, 1980;Marslen-Wilson, 1984;Tyler, 1984).…”

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confidence: 99%

Word recognition from acoustic onsets and acoustic offsets: Effects of cohort size and syllabic stress

Wingfield

Goodglass

Lindfield

1997

Applied Psycholinguistics

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In the traditional gating technique, subjects hear increasing amounts of word-onset information from spoken words until the words can be correctly identified. The experiment reported here contrasted word-onset gating with results when words were gated from their word endings. A significant recognition advantage for words gated from their onsets was demonstrated. This effect was eliminated, however, when we took into account the number of word possibilities that shared overlapping phonology and the same stress pattern as the target words at their recognition points. These results support the position that the perceptual advantage of word-initial information can be understood within a general goodness-of-fit model of spoken word recognition.A considerable amount of evidence is now available to show that spoken words can be correctly identified when far less than their full acoustic duration has been heard. This can be demonstrated by using the word-onset "gating" technique first developed by Grosjean (1980;Cotton & Grosjean, 1984). In this technique, a listener is allowed to hear increasing amounts of word-onset information until the word can be correctly identified: for example, the subject hears the first 50 ms of a word, then the first 100 ms of the word, then the first 150 ms of the word, and so on, until the word is correctly reported. In fluent discourse, words are often underarticulated (Lieberman, 1963;Pickett & Pollack, 1963;Wingfield, Alexander, & Cavigelli, 1994), and the word-onset duration necessary for identification will vary with the clarity of the speech signal (Grosjean, 1985;Nooteboom & Doodeman, 1984). It is nevertheless the case that words heard in isolation (i.e., without a constraining sentence context) can be recognized, on average, with little more than the first half of their full acoustic duration (Grosjean, 1980;Marslen-Wilson, 1984;Tyler, 1984).

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Speech Quality and the Gating Paradigm

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Linguistic Context Versus Semantic Competition in Word Recognition by Younger and Older Adults With Cochlear Implants

Linguistic Context Versus Semantic Competition in Word Recognition by Younger and Older Adults With Cochlear Implants

Recognition of isolated words: The dynamics of cohort reduction

Word recognition from acoustic onsets and acoustic offsets: Effects of cohort size and syllabic stress

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