Spherical 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) based melt-cast compositions: heralding a new era of shock insensitive energetic materials

Vijayalakshmi, R.; Radhakrishnan, S.; Shitole, Pooja; Pawar, Suman; Mishra, V. S.; Garg, Rakesh; Talawar, M. B.; Sikder, A. K.

doi:10.1039/c5ra19010j

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The liquid phase carrier of the melt-cast explosive is a key component. As a special energetic binder [ 4 ], the melt-casting carrier can not only improve the safety of high-energy explosives alone [ 5 ], but also enhance the structural integrity and mechanical properties of propellant and ammunition charges [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Compared with ordinary polymer binder, it has environmental friendliness and higher economic benefits [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics and Compatibility of 3,5-difluoro-2,4,6-trinitroanisole (DFTNAN)

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2021

Materials

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In this paper, the thermal decomposition behavior of 3,5-difluoro-2,4,6-trinitroanisole (DFTNAN) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) by using different heating rates (2, 5, 10, 15 °C·min−1). Subsequently, the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of non-isothermal thermal decomposition of DFTNAN were calculated. The critical temperature of thermal explosion (Tb) and self-accelerating decomposition temperature (TASDT) were determined to be 249.03 °C and 226.33 °C, respectively. The compatibility of DFTNAN with a number of high explosives (cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaaza-tetracyclo-[5.5.0.05,9.03,11]-dodecane (CL-20) and dihydroxylammonium 5,5’-bistetrazole-1,1’-diolate (TKX-50)) was studied at different mass ratios using DSC. The criteria to judge the compatibility between the materials were based on a standardization agreement (STANAG 4147). The thermodynamic study results revealed that DFTNAN possessed superior thermal safety and stability. The experimental of compatibility results indicated that the mass ratios of the high explosives in the DFTNAN/RDX, DFTNAN/HMX and DFTNAN/CL-20 compositions more than 40%, 60% and 70% exhibited good compatibility, whereas DFTNAN/TKX-50 demonstrated poor compatibility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics and Compatibility of 3,5-difluoro-2,4,6-trinitroanisole (DFTNAN)

Wang

Zhao

et al. 2021

Materials

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“…increased loading density of the resulting fill obtained by controlling the morphology of the NTO crystals as well as better flow properties at lower temperatures than comparable RDX fills attributed to the spherical nature of the particles (Vijayalakshmi et al, 2015).…”

Section: Nitroazolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NTO is considered and IHE by virtue of having a very similar velocity of detonation to RDX (Table 2) whilst at the same time being much less sensitive to shock making it an attractive alternative. Indeed, some work conducted on spherical NTO crystals has suggested it could be a full replacement for RDX (Vijayalakshmi et al, 2015). This is due to the 1.93 [3] Velocity of Detonation (m.s À1…”

Section: Nitroazolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The matrix prevents the crystals impinging on each other and causing a reaction and so protects the explosive compositions from unintended initiation by shock ( Zeman et al., 2019 ). IHE compositions consist of explosive materials that are not as sensitive to shock, such as 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) which have similar energetic properties to the energetic materials they replace, like TNT, whilst providing better resistance to unintended initiation ( Davies and Provatas, 2006 ; Vijayalakshmi et al., 2015 ). They can be used in isolation but are more often found in formulations alongside 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater

Fawcett-Hirst

Temple

Ladyman

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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Insensitive high explosive materials (IHE) such as 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) are increasingly being used in formulations of insensitive munitions alongside 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Load, assembly and packing (LAP) facilities that process munitions produce wastewater contaminated with IHE which must be treated before discharge. Some facilities can produce as much as 90,000 L of contaminated wastewater per day. In this review, methods of wastewater treatment are assessed in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for their use in production of IHE munitions including their limitations and how they could be applied to industrial scale LAP facilities. Adsorption is identified as a suitable treatment method, however the high solubility of NTO, up to 16.6 g.L À1 which is 180 times higher that of TNT, has the potential to exceed the adsorptive capacity of carbon adsorption systems. The key properties of the adsorptive materials along the selection of adsorption models are highlighted and recommendations on how the limitations of carbon adsorption systems for IHE wastewater can be overcome are offered, including the modification of carbons to increase adsorptive capacity or reduce costs.

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“…Energetic materials (EMs), a class of materials with a large amount of stored chemical energy, are widely used in military and civilian applications [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Considering security, these materials have been researched extensively to gain insights into safety during transportation and storage [ 4 , 5 ]. It is well known that the shape, size, and structure of EMs significantly influence the sensitivity, thermal decomposition, and packing density [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensitivity of a CL-20/PNCB Spherical Composite for Security

Zhu

Gao

et al. 2018

Materials

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Highly energetic materials have received significant attention, particularly 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). However, the application of this material was limited due to its high sensitivity. It is well known that the shape, size, and structure of energetic materials (EMs) significantly influence their sensitivity. At present, there are several ways to reduce the sensitivity of CL-20, such as spheroidization, ultrafine processing, and composite technology. However, only one or two of the abovementioned methods have been reported in the literature, and the obtained sensitivity effect was unsatisfactory. Thus, we tried to further reduce the sensitivity of CL-20 by combining the above three methods. The as-prepared composite was precipitated from the interface between two solutions of water and ethyl acetate, and the composite was insensitive compared with other reported CL-20-based EMs. The H50 value for the composite ranged up to 63 cm. This approach opens new prospects for greatly reducing the sensitivity of high Ems.

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Spherical 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) based melt-cast compositions: heralding a new era of shock insensitive energetic materials

Abstract: Spherical NTO based less hazardous, thermally stable, shock insensitive melt cast composition is developed by replacing sensitive RDX in existing composition B.

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics and Compatibility of 3,5-difluoro-2,4,6-trinitroanisole (DFTNAN)

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics and Compatibility of 3,5-difluoro-2,4,6-trinitroanisole (DFTNAN)

A review of treatment methods for insensitive high explosive contaminated wastewater

Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensitivity of a CL-20/PNCB Spherical Composite for Security

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