Sponge Biomass for the Development of Biomedical Products and Their Applications

Mass transfer aspects of 3D cell cultures in tissue engineering

“…Until now, the transient modifications in the porous materials are also not yet understood, especially large tissue constructs for heart, bone, and cartilage regeneration . If we closely observe the human body, almost all cells were intimately associated with the nearest blood capillaries (within 200 µm); this spacing provides sufficient diffusion of nutrients, gasses, and wastes to support the viable cell growth . Similarly, when tissues grown in vitro is implanted in the body, diffusion limitation supports the cell viability only within 200 µm from the nearest blood vessel .…”

“…Tissue engineering applications using rotating drum bioreactor have been primarily restricted to ECs using a horizontal rotating drum bioreactor developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (Fig. ) . These rotating drum bioreactors are horizontally rotated with fluid‐filled culture vessels and are oxygenated through a silicon membrane (0.2 µm) by an air pump.…”

“…The amount of shear stress experienced by cells cultured in a flow perfusion system can be varied simply by varying the flow rates through the system (Fig. ) …”

“…Tissue engineering is a quickly rising field that seeks to regenerate, repair, or replace specific tissues or organs by using primary knowledge in material science and cell biology . In tissue engineering, three‐dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds/constructs promote new tissue development by providing a surface and void volume that promotes the cell attachment, migration, and differentiation of connective tissue progenitors throughout the region where a new tissue is necessary …”

“…The main obstacle in tissue engineering is the inability to keep large mass of cells upon transfer from the in vitro culture conditions to the in vivo environment . In spite of substantial efforts in making functional tissues and organs, majority applications of tissue engineering have been restricted to thin avascular tissues such as skin, cartilage, or bladder .…”