Spray Characteristics of a Multi-hole Injector for Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines

Mitroglou, Nicholas; Nouri, J. M.; Gavaises, Manolis; Arcoumanis, C.

doi:10.1243/146808705x62922

Cited by 81 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The eight Spray G injectors that contributed to this study are numbers 12,17,18,21,22,25,26, and 29. The coordinate system that is used to describe the nozzle geometry is consistent with that provided on the ECN website [6].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optical techniques were implemented to investigate fuel spray characteristics [9]. Schlieren and diffused back illumination were used to characterize the vapor and liquid penetration [10], shadowgraphy and Mie scattering have provided spray visualization [11], and phase Doppler anemometry has been used to measure fuel droplet sizes and velocities [11,12], to name a few. Intrusive techniques, such as patternation, can provide a footprint of the spray mass distribution [13].…”

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confidence: 99%

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A study on the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and injected mass distribution of eight ECN Spray G nozzles.

Matusik¹,

Duke²,

Sovis³

et al. 2017

Proceedings ILASS–Europe 2017. 28th Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems

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Gasoline direct injection (GDI) nozzles are manufactured to meet geometric specifications with length scales on the order of a few hundred microns. The machining tolerances of these nominal dimensions are not always known due to the difficulty in accurately measuring such small length scales in a nonintrusive fashion. To gain insight into the variability of the machined dimensions as well as any effects that this variability may have on the fuel spray behavior, a series of measurements of the internal geometry and fuel mass distribution were performed on a set of eight nominally duplicate GDI "Spray G" nozzles provided by the Engine Combustion Network. The key dimensions of each of the eight nozzle holes were measured with micron resolution using full spectrum x-ray tomographic imaging at the 7-BM beamline of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Fuel density distributions at 2 mm downstream of the nozzle tips were obtained by performing x-ray radiography measurements for many lines of sight. The density measurements reveal nozzle-to-nozzle as well as hole-to-hole density variations. The combination of high-resolution geometry and fuel distribution datasets allows spray phenomena to be linked to specific geometric characteristics of the nozzle, such as variability in the hole lengths and counterbore diameters, and the hole inlet corner radii. This analysis provides important insight into which geometrical characteristics of the nozzles may have the greatest importance in the development of the injected sprays, and to what degree these geometric variations might account for the total spray variability. The goal of this work is then to further the understanding of the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and fuel injection, provide input to improve computational models, and ultimately aid in optimizing injector design for higher fuel efficiency and lower emissions engines. KeywordsGDI, nozzle geometry, fuel spray density, fuel injector, DISI, Spray G, ECN, gasoline IntroductionTo fully realize the benefits of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine, precise control over the amount of injected fuel and the fuel-to-air mixing ratio is necessary. Any variations to the fuel spray distribution can affect the combustion process, and by extension the fuel efficiency and emissions levels. Modern multi-hole GDI nozzles generally feature a relatively complex step-hole geometry in which each hole might require knowledge of at least nine dimensions to accurately model. Due to the importance of the injection process on the output metrics of a GDI engine, a subset of internal combustion engine research has been dedicated to investigating the effects of nozzle geometry on the corresponding fuel spray distribution. X-ray spray tomography measurements of three six-hole GDI nozzles with varying hole patterns explored the effects of geometric asymmetries on the spray structure [1]. The authors found that the emitted fuel spray distribution varied between jet-like, hollow-coned, or crescent-shap...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and injected mass distribution of eight ECN Spray G nozzles.

Matusik¹,

Duke²,

Sovis³

et al. 2017

Proceedings ILASS–Europe 2017. 28th Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It gives a stable spray structure even at elevated ambient pressure unlike swirl injectors [22]. In this, the overall spray cone angle is independent of fuel injection and ambient pressures [21]. In this study, a fuel injection pressure of 500 bar is considered.…”

Section: Fuel Injectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of piston shape on in-cylinder flows and air–fuel interaction in a direct injection spark ignition engine – A CFD analysis

Harshavardhan

Mallikarjuna

2015

Energy

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“…The designs of nozzle seat and spray hole are crucial for the development of current combustion systems [11,21]. Most published studies consider only a few designs obtained by changing a single parameter [14,15,20]. For multihole high pressure gasoline injectors the manufacturing process has reached a high degree of design flexibility, e.g., due to laser-drilled spray holes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards design optimization of high-pressure gasoline injectors using Genetic Algorithm coupled with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Hellmann

Jochmann

Stapf

et al. 2017

Proceedings ILASS–Europe 2017. 28th Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems

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The spray pattern of high-pressure multi-hole injectors as well as the atomization process are of uttermost importance regarding efficiency and emissions in gasoline combustion engines. Ensuring optimal homogenization while meeting the engine individual specifications regarding spray targeting and massflow is a crucial development goal. High effort is put on the layout of the nozzle seat to meet the engine requirements. Success is only possible with a deep knowledge of the influencing quantities, considering that many design parameters affect the inner nozzle flow. Based on this knowledge improvement in spray penetration length and atomization can be achieved. In the current investigation a segment model of the injector is considered. A fully automated, highly parallelized workflow enables a systematic examination of the constrained design space with acceptable computational time. The CFD workflow is implemented in the OPtimization Algorithm Library++ (OPAL++) developed at the "Otto von Guericke" University of Magdeburg. First, inner nozzle flow 3D-CFD calculations of two selected nozzle geometries are validated by comparison with shadowgraphy and Long-Distance-Microscope (LDM) measurements. Using these simulations, correlations between nozzle flow parameters and the key spray characteristics, serving as optimization objectives, are analyzed. Second, a Design-of-Experiment (DoE) is created to understand the interdependency between design variables and objectives. Based on the DoE, metamodels are constructed, validated, compared with each other and used for optimization. Afterwards, a direct 3D CFD-optimization is carried out for the nozzle geometry. It relies on a Genetic Algorithm in OPAL++ to identify the Pareto front of the multi-objective problem. Finally, the Pareto front is analyzed and conclusions are drawn for future research. KeywordsNozzle flow, High Pressure Injector, CFD, Metamodeling, Genetic Algorithm, Optimization IntroductionIn the recent years the demand for high power output and high efficiency combined with stricter emission regulations has led to a broad use of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines. To fulfill the engine individual requirements as well as the legislation emission regulations high development effort was put towards the injection system. Different fields of investigations cover system pressure, type and position of injector, injection timing as well as geometric studies of the key valve seat parameter, e.g. [17,22]. The latter are principally responsible for the primary spray characteristics like spray plume trajectory, spray plume cone angle, atomization and penetration. Further engine-specific demands, e.g., cylinder geometry, charge motion, mass flow rate, etc., require a flexible design. The designs of nozzle seat and spray hole are crucial for the development of current combustion systems [11,21]. Most published studies consider only a few designs obtained by changing a single parameter [14,15,20]. For multihole high pressure gasoline injectors the manufacturing ...

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Spray Characteristics of a Multi-hole Injector for Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines

Abstract: This is the unspecified version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link

Cited by 81 publications

References 10 publications

A study on the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and injected mass distribution of eight ECN Spray G nozzles.

A study on the relationship between internal nozzle geometry and injected mass distribution of eight ECN Spray G nozzles.

Effect of piston shape on in-cylinder flows and air–fuel interaction in a direct injection spark ignition engine – A CFD analysis

Towards design optimization of high-pressure gasoline injectors using Genetic Algorithm coupled with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

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