Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments

Ren, Shi Yan; Wang, Wen Biao; Hao, Ya Guang; Zhang, Hao Ran; Wang, Zhi Chao; Chen, Ye Lin; Gao, Rong

doi:10.12998/wjcc.v8.i8.1391

Cited by 185 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…All of the experiments employed control carriers that were inoculated with virus and maintained within the same biosafety cabinet (BSC). Importantly, all of the carriers demonstrated a relatively stable infectious load over the course of our experiment, as expected from other studies of environmental stability 10,11,12,13 . Figure 1 demonstrates that the viability of SARS-CoV-2 decreased the longer the virus was exposed to sunlight.…”

Section: Carrier Testssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…One critical question is the risk posed by fomites in outdoor spaces. Other studies have demonstrated that COVID-19 is able to survive on a variety of surfaces and remain infectious 10,11,12,13 . Our study demonstrates that the viability of SARS-CoV-2 can be signi cantly reduced by exposure to solar radiation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second limitation is the use of a non-porous surface for these experiments. It is known that surface characteristics can also impact survival of the virus, with non-permeable surfaces allowing the virus to persist longer than do absorbent materials 10,11,12,13 . Finally, we examined simulated mucus but no other spiked or simulated bodily uids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulated sunlight decreases the viability of SARS-CoV-2

Sloan

Cutts

Griffin

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has spread into a pandemic since its emergence in Wuhan, China in December of 2019. This has been facilitated by its high transmissibility within the human population and its ability to remain viable on inanimate surfaces for an extended period. To address the latter, we examined the ability of sunlight to degrade SARS-CoV-2 on stainless steel. All assays were performed using a solar simulator at the equivalent of one air mass (i.e. equatorial sun at its Zenith). Heat-controlled experiments were conducted at approximately 34% relative humidity (RH); otherwise, RH decreased with sunlight exposure until a constant temperature was maintained. When initially suspended in tissue culture medium, the virus was rendered non-viable after two hours of sunlight exposure. However, when suspended in an organic matrix designed to mimic bodily secretions, three hours of continuous sunlight was required for complete degradation. From this work, we demonstrate that sunlight represents an effective decontamination method but the speed of decontamination is variable based on the underlying matrix. This information has an important impact on the development of infection prevention and control protocols to reduce the spread of this deadly pathogen.

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Section: Carrier Testssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simulated sunlight decreases the viability of SARS-CoV-2

Sloan

Cutts

Griffin

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The data on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]41 , like previous data obtained for other coronaviruses [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] , demonstrate that viral persistence (survival) on HITES is dependent upon: 1) the type of surface, 2) the presence and type of organic matrix in which the virus is suspended at the time of deposition and drying upon the surface, and 3) time. The survival data for SARS-CoV-2 dried on surfaces (Table 1) indicate that the virus remains infectious longer on hard non-porous surfaces, such as plastic and stainless steel, than on wood or cardboard.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses: implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

Ijaz

Nims²,

Zhou³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Mitigating the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 or other coronaviruses requires awareness of the survival of virus on high-touch environmental surfaces (HITES) and skin, and frequent use of targeted microbicides with virucidal efficacy. We evaluated the efficacies of formulated microbicidal actives against alpha- and beta-coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2.Infectious coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2, human coronavirus 229E, bovine coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus-1, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, were deposited on prototypic HITES or spiked into liquid matrices along with organic soil loads. Alcohol-, quaternary ammonium compound-, hydrochloric acid-, organic acid-, p-chloro-m-xylenol-, and sodium hypochlorite-based microbicidal formulations were evaluated per global standardized ASTM International and EN methodologies. All evaluated formulated microbicides inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in suspension or on prototypic HITES. Virucidal efficacies ( ≥3 to ≥6 log10 reduction) were displayed within 30 s to 5 min. Coronaviruses, like other lipid-enveloped viruses, are susceptible to commonly used microbicides. We confirmed the virucidal efficacy of a variety of commercially available formulated microbicides against SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. These formulated microbicidal actives should be useful for targeted surface and hand hygiene and disinfection of liquids, as part of infection prevention and control for SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging enveloped viruses.

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“…SARS-CoV-2 is a larger threat than previous coronavirus strains as it has a much higher reproduction number (R 0 =2.2) [6] , implying that the number of cases generated by one infected person is higher than previous outbreaks. The persistence time of SARS-CoV-2 on inanimate surfaces varies from a few minutes up to one month, depending on the environmental conditions [7] . Similar to SARS, no treatment or vaccine is currently available to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by commonly used disinfection products and methods

Guo

Chen

Wang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is currently a global pandemic, and there is a lack of laboratory studies targeting pathogen resistance.Objective To investigate the effect of selected disinfection products and methods on the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2.Methods We used quantitative suspension testing to evaluate the effectiveness of the disinfectant/method.Results Available chlorine of 250 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L required 20 min, 5 min, and 0.5 min to efficiently inactivate SARS-CoV-2, respectively. A 600-fold dilution of 17% concentration of di-N-decyldimethylammonium bromide (283 mg/L) and the same concentration of di-N-decyldimethylammonium chloride required only 0.5 min to efficiently inactivate the virus. Ethanol, at 30% concentration for 1 min, and 40% and above for 0.5 min, could efficiently inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Heat takes approximate 30 min at 56°C, or 10 min above 70°C, or 5 min above 90°C to inactivate the virus.Conclusions The chlorinated disinfectants, Di-N-decyldimethylammonium bromide / chloride, ethanol, and heat were effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2. The response of SARS-CoV-2 to disinfectants is very similar to that of SARS-CoV.

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Stability and infectivity of coronaviruses in inanimate environments

Cited by 185 publications

References 32 publications

Simulated sunlight decreases the viability of SARS-CoV-2

Simulated sunlight decreases the viability of SARS-CoV-2

Microbicidal actives with virucidal efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and other beta- and alpha-coronaviruses: implications for future emerging coronaviruses and other enveloped viruses

In vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by commonly used disinfection products and methods

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