Stability Monitoring of Embankments Constructed by Volcanic Coarse-Grained Soil in Snowy-Cold Regions

Influence of Fines Content on the Stability of Volcanic Embankments under Rainfall and Earthquake

“…Rocha (1957) [12], in his first steps in considering the feasibility of applying models to improve understanding of geotechnical problems, implied that it was possible to use the prototype cohesionless soil itself for the model tests. Kawamura et al, (2021) [8] demonstrated the feasibility of using Spfl soil in the prototype as the material of model experiments by the results of the consolidated undrained triaxial tests for this soil (the internal friction angle is 38 • and the cohesion is 0 kN/m 2 ). The presented stress-strain relationship also showed that peak points roughly lie on the same hyperbola in the graph normalized by the square root of the effective confining pressure.…”

“…Figure 8 shows the overall view of the test apparatus used in this study to investigate the behavior of embankments subjected to rainfall and earthquake [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The internal dimensions of the model soil tank are 2000 mm long, 700 mm high, and 600 mm wide.…”

“…The pore water pressure transducer is a small-sized gauge for model experiments manufactured by Kyowa named BPR-A-50KPS with a maximum capacity of 50 kPa, specifications are shown in [33]. Through the soil-water characteristic curve of compacted Spfl, Kawamura et al, (2021) [8] demonstrated that the influence of suction on the mechanical behavior of this soil can be ignored when the saturation is greater than 60% along the wetting path. Thus, the use of BPR-A-50KPS to monitor pore water pressure in the post-rainfall earthquake experiments with high soil moisture conditions in this study is completely appropriate.…”

“…The presented stress-strain relationship also showed that peak points roughly lie on the same hyperbola in the graph normalized by the square root of the effective confining pressure. Therefore, in the case of this study where Komaoka volcanic soils are used as model materials and the stressstrain relationship follows a hyperbolic curve, the similarity laws used for the 1 g model experiments with the shaking table provided by [8] as shown in Table 5 can be applied. The slope preparation method is described as follows: The amount of water was calculated to achieve the required water content and then mixed with the dry soil material.…”

“…Therefore, research on this topic is attracting the attention of authors around the world, such as surveys on the failure mechanism of volcanic embankments subjected to seismic loadings in combination with other external forces (heavy rainfall, wave loadings, freeze-thaw action, etc.) [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”