Stability Proxies for Water-in-Oil Emulsions and Implications in Aqueous-based Enhanced Oil Recovery

Alvarado, Vladimir; Wang, Xiuyu; Moradi, Mehrnoosh

doi:10.3390/en4071058

Cited by 72 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 110 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is one of the most reliable and popular methods to measure the droplet size distribution (DSD) in both water/oil and oil/water emulsions since only a simple sample preparation is needed and an acceptable accuracy is attained. Emulsion stability analysis by the NMR method is based on the signal attenuation, which is a result of random movements of the droplets when the sample is imposed to two magnetic fields, since the intensity of the NMR signal is related to the number of nuclei that are produced . This technique is relatively fast and is not limited to concentrated emulsions.…”

Section: Characterization Tools/methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review on Emulsions and Emulsion Stability in Chemical and Energy Industries

2018

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Emulsion refers to a mixture that includes two or more liquid phases. The uses of emulsions are found in several chemical, energy, and environmental industries such as the food, health care, chemical synthesis, and firefighting sectors. Water‐in‐oil emulsions are formed spontaneously during oil production when oil and water are mixed together and in the presence of asphaltene as a naturally occurring surfactant. For operational and economic reasons, oil emulsions need to be treated to recover both oil and water phases. To develop more efficient emulsion treatments, it is essential to have a better understanding of the factors that affect emulsion formation and stability. The droplet size variation is an important parameter that influences the stability and rheological characteristics of the emulsions. In addition, the available interfacial area for any possible chemical reactions might affect the behaviours and properties of the emulsions in various transport phenomena systems. The adequate knowledge of the factors and mechanisms affecting the droplet size and emulsion stability still needs further engineering and research activities. This study is aimed to provide a comprehensive literature review on the formation of water/oil emulsions and their stability in various physical systems (e.g., pipeline networks and porous media). In this review, fundamental aspects of emulsions, emulsion formation mechanisms, analytical models, and numerical solutions for the description and characterization of the behaviours of emulsions in porous media and/or separators are discussed. The effects of different fluid properties, physical model characteristics, and operational conditions on emulsion behaviours are studied. This paper also summarizes the previous experimental and modelling studies and methodologies with a focus on reliable laboratory equipment/tools and simulation and modelling packages/strategies for the investigation of emulsion stability and droplet size distribution where a systematic parametric sensitivity analysis to study various effects of important thermodynamic, process, and medium properties on the targeted variables is conducted. This review manuscript provides useful guidelines to characterize and model emulsions and their behaviours in different industrial sectors, which will considerably help to conduct better design and optimal operation of corresponding equipment.

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Section: Characterization Tools/methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review on Emulsions and Emulsion Stability in Chemical and Energy Industries

2018

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“…However, very stable emulsions are more difficult to break. 57 Therefore, the difficulty to recover oil-dispersed particles to the aqueous suspension takes on special importance when lower-sized particles are considered.…”

Section: Particle Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Probing insulin bioactivity in oral nanoparticles produced by ultrasonication-assisted emulsification/internal gelation

Lopes¹,

Abrahim-Vieira²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2015

IJN

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Alginate–dextran sulfate-based particles obtained by emulsification/internal gelation technology can be considered suitable carriers for oral insulin delivery. A rational study focused on the emulsification and particle recovery steps was developed in order to reduce particles to the nanosize range while keeping insulin bioactivity. There was a decrease in size when ultrasonication was used during emulsification, which was more pronounced when a cosurfactant was added. Ultrasonication add-on after particle recovery decreased aggregation and led to a narrower nanoscale particle-size distribution. Insulin encapsulation efficiency was 99.3%±0.5%, attributed to the strong pH-stabilizing electrostatic effect between insulin and nanoparticle matrix polymers. Interactions between these polymers and insulin were predicted using molecular modeling studies through quantum mechanics calculations that allowed for prediction of the interaction model. In vitro release studies indicated well-preserved integrity of nanoparticles in simulated gastric fluid. Circular dichroism spectroscopy proved conformational stability of insulin and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique showed rearrangements of insulin structure during processing. Moreover, in vivo biological activity in diabetic rats revealed no statistical difference when compared to nonencapsulated insulin, demonstrating retention of insulin activity. Our results demonstrate that alginate–dextran sulfate-based nanoparticles efficiently stabilize the loaded protein structure, presenting good physical properties for oral delivery of insulin.

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“…Adding a minus to Equation (20) according to the relationship of action and reaction, and the Stokes drag force can be calculated as follows: Furthermore, force equilibrium equation of dispersed droplets in the shearing field in the radial direction can be written as:…”

Section: Mechanistic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adding a minus to Equation (20) according to the relationship of action and reaction, and the Stokes drag force can be calculated as follows: …”

Section: Mechanistic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, chemical flooding enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has attracted remarkable interests because of the necessity to stabilize production levels from a maturing field base [20][21][22][23]. As the biggest chemical EOR bases in the world, the oil production of chemical flooding (using polymer and alkali-surfactant-polymer) in 2016 in Daqing Oilfield approached to 88 million barrels (bbl).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of Shearing Energy and Interfacial Gibbs Free Energy in the Emulsification Mechanism of Waxy Crude Oil

Wang

Lin

Rui³

et al. 2017

Energies

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Abstract:Crude oil is generally produced with water, and the water cut produced by oil wells is increasingly common over their lifetime, so it is inevitable to create emulsions during oil production. However, the formation of emulsions presents a costly problem in surface process particularly, both in terms of transportation energy consumption and separation efficiency. To deal with the production and operational problems which are related to crude oil emulsions, especially to ensure the separation and transportation of crude oil-water systems, it is necessary to better understand the emulsification mechanism of crude oil under different conditions from the aspects of bulk and interfacial properties. The concept of shearing energy was introduced in this study to reveal the driving force for emulsification. The relationship between shearing stress in the flow field and interfacial tension (IFT) was established, and the correlation between shearing energy and interfacial Gibbs free energy was developed. The potential of the developed correlation model was validated using the experimental and field data on emulsification behavior. It was also shown how droplet deformation could be predicted from a random deformation degree and orientation angle. The results indicated that shearing energy as the energy produced by shearing stress working in the flow field is the driving force activating the emulsification behavior. The deformation degree and orientation angle of dispersed phase droplet are associated with the interfacial properties, rheological properties and the experienced turbulence degree. The correlation between shearing stress and IFT can be quantified if droplet deformation degree vs. droplet orientation angle data is available. When the water cut is close to the inversion point of waxy crude oil emulsion, the interfacial Gibbs free energy change decreased and the shearing energy increased. This feature is also presented in the special regions where the suddenly changed flow field can be formed. Hence, the shearing energy is an effective form that can show the contribution of kinetic energy for the oil-water mixtures to interfacial Gibbs free energy in emulsification process, and the emulsification mechanism of waxy crude oil-water emulsions was further explained from the theoretical level.

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Stability Proxies for Water-in-Oil Emulsions and Implications in Aqueous-based Enhanced Oil Recovery

Cited by 72 publications

References 110 publications

A Comprehensive Review on Emulsions and Emulsion Stability in Chemical and Energy Industries

A Comprehensive Review on Emulsions and Emulsion Stability in Chemical and Energy Industries

Probing insulin bioactivity in oral nanoparticles produced by ultrasonication-assisted emulsification/internal gelation

The Role of Shearing Energy and Interfacial Gibbs Free Energy in the Emulsification Mechanism of Waxy Crude Oil

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