Standard Gibbs free energies of transfer of NaCl and KCl from water to mixtures of the four isomers of butyl alcohol with water. The use of ion-selective electrodes to study the thermodynamics of solutions

Novel Unexpected Reconstructions of (100) and (111) Surfaces of NaCl: Theoretical Prediction

“…The lower limit of the chemical potential was set as the chemical potential of Cl at which Na deposits on the substrate, while the upper limit corresponds to the case where Cl 2 molecules are saturated on the substrate. The following relation defines the physically meaningful range of chemical potentials:where is the total energy of a chlorine molecule, = 4.17 eV is the energy of formation of the bulk rock-salt NaCl, which is in close agreement with the experimental value of 3.98 eV at room temperature 67,68 .…”

Electromotive Force Measurements and Thermodynamic Modelling of Sodium Chloride in Aqueous-Alcohol Solvents

“…Data for the propanols are in satisfactory agreement with results (Gregorowicz et al, 1996). In the case of butanols the values of the standard functions of transfer at 298.15 К are shifted to smaller values compared to those recommended in the study (Chu et al, 1987). In all cases an increase in the standard Gibbs energy of transfer is observed with the increase of alcohol in the mixture, which would indicate a decrease in hydration of electrolyte in the mixture.…”

“…390 ± 40 640 ± 70 (Chu et al, 1987) 430 ± 60 4.49 -7.7 ± 0.6 -7.7 ± 0.6 -7.5 ± 0.5 740 ± 60 740 ± 58 960 ± 100 (Chu et al, 1987) 720 ± 50 5.66 -10.3 ± 0.4 -10.9 ± 0.4 -10.8 ± 0.8…”

“…8 b shows the plot of N hyd vs. n. The solid lines in both graphics have no physical meaning, they represent a trend. ; the filled symbol -present work, the transparent symbol (Mazzarese & Popovych, 1983;Chu et al, 1987). T = 298.15 K…”

Activity coefficients and standard Gibbs free energies of transfer of NaCl and KCl from water to aqueous solution of 2-butoxyethanol by EMF studies

“…to study the thermodynamic properties of solutions is simple and safe compared to the classical amalgam cells. Ion-selective electrodes were recently used to determine the activity coefficients of alkali-metal halides in various binary mixtures of alcohols with water (8)(9)(10). This paper reports the determination of the activity coefficients of NaCl and KC1 in binary mixtures of aqueous 2-butoxyethanol solutions at 298 K.…”