State-of-the-Art Underwater Acoustic Communication Modems: Classifications, Analyses and Design Challenges

Zia, Muhammad Yousuf Irfan; Poncela, Javier; Otero, Pablo

doi:10.1007/s11277-020-07431-x

Cited by 76 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…To the best of our knowledge, Ref. [ 25 ] is the most recent work that analyzed the specifications of the state-of-the-art commercial and developed acoustic communication modems. In [ 25 ], the specifications of acoustic communication modems developed up to 2020 are summarized.…”

Section: Determining Available Acoustic Frequency Band and Defining Center Frequencies And Channel Numbersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 25 ] is the most recent work that analyzed the specifications of the state-of-the-art commercial and developed acoustic communication modems. In [ 25 ], the specifications of acoustic communication modems developed up to 2020 are summarized. The specifications include center frequency, system bandwidth, communication distance, data rate, modulation method, operating depth, transmission and reception powers, weight, temperature, and bit error rate.…”

Section: Determining Available Acoustic Frequency Band and Defining Center Frequencies And Channel Numbersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This implies that it is difficult to guarantee the transmission success probability of 50% due to the occurrence of a collision. In [ 25 ], several acoustic communication modems with the system bandwidth of 20 kHz or higher are currently produced in the acoustic frequency band of 50 kHz or less. However, we suggest that the maximum system bandwidth should be limited to 5 kHz or less in order to keep the average collision rate at least 50% or less in a situation where the maximum number of transmitting nodes is difficult to predict.…”

Section: Setting the Value Of Channel Raster Via Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Study of Standardizing Frequencies Using Channel Raster for Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks

Yun

Choi

2021

Sensors

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In this paper, we propose the method to standardize acoustic frequencies for underwater wireless acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) by applying the channel raster used in the terrestrial mobile communications. The standardization process includes: (1) Setting the available acoustic frequency band where a channel raster is employed via the frequency specification analysis of the state-of-the art underwater acoustic communication modems. (2) Defining the center frequencies and the channel numbers as a function of channel raster, and the upper limit of the value of channel raster. (3) Determining the value of the channel raster suitable for the available acoustic frequency band via simulations. To set the value, three performance metrics are considered: the collision rate, the idle spectrum rate, and the receiver computational complexity. The simulation results show that the collision rate and the idle spectrum rate according to the value of channel raster have a trade-off relationship, but the influence of channel raster on the two performance metrics is insignificant. However, the receiver computational complexity is enhanced remarkably as the value of channel raster increases. Therefore, setting the value of channel raster close to its upper limit is the most adequate in respect of mitigating the occurrence of a collision and enhancing the reception performance. The standardized frequencies based on channel raster can guarantee the frequency compatibility required for the emerging technologies like the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) or the underwater cognitive radio, but also improves the network performance by avoiding the arbitrary use of frequencies.

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Section: Determining Available Acoustic Frequency Band and Defining Center Frequencies And Channel Numbersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Determining Available Acoustic Frequency Band and Defining Center Frequencies And Channel Numbersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Setting the Value Of Channel Raster Via Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Study of Standardizing Frequencies Using Channel Raster for Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks

Yun

Choi

2021

Sensors

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“…All RBs and the SV can be equipped with acoustic modems and navigation systems for facilitating AUV operation. Underwater acoustic communications for AUVs has been extensively analyzed in literature [39]. Given that data rates of only up to 30 Kbps can be achieved, real-time delivery of the recorded data cannot be sustained over such acoustic communication links.…”

Section: E Integrating Autonomous Unmanned Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wi-Buoy: An Energy-Efficient Wireless Buoy Network for Real-Time High-Rate Marine Data Acquisition

Reddy

Stuber

2021

IEEE Access

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The next frontier of maritime networking will see the deployment of large-scale buoybased mesh networks, with an equal emphasis on both high-speed data transfer and energy-efficiency. One such challenging application is the operation of maritime seismic surveys for oil/gas exploration and academic studies. Large amounts of seismic data are generated at a rate of several Gigabits per second, by nearly 10,000-30,000 seismic sensors that are deployed on the seabed across an area of several square kilometers in offshore oceanic environments. The task of monitoring existing reservoirs and identifying new oil and gas deposits require subsurface images of superior quality, which in turn are dependent on high-quality data for processing. Wireless technology can unlock real-time data transfer for rapid image-viewing, enhanced productivity, and reduced logistical costs. This interdisciplinary article outlines the challenges of marine seismic acquisition and the design of a buoy-based wireless backhaul network for high-rate data transfer over the ocean surface. Based on off-the-shelf IEEE 802.11 systems, a standards-compliant wireless buoy network architecture called Wi-buoy is proposed for real-time, scalable, and energy-efficient data delivery. In order to attain optimal power conservation, a Buoy-Based Power-Saving Backhaul (B-PSB) scheme is also proposed for specifying the operating parameters across all layers of the protocol stack. Essential aspects of the marine propagation environment are reviewed, and the performance of the proposed system is evaluated as a function of the antenna height, wind speed, compression ratio, and various flavors of the IEEE 802.11 standard. Furthermore, the use of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) is analyzed as an integral component of upcoming high-speed buoy-based networks in the maritime environment.

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“…Using acoustics signals as carrier is the best possible way to communicate underwater specially for long ranges. Even after research of so many decades establishing a reliable link of few km at rate of few kbps is very hard task, much more challenging than radio frequency (RF) based wireless air communication [1,2]. It is mainly because of the complex nature of acoustic channel and harsh noise characteristics [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Prefix Based Approach for Joint Doppler and Channel Estimation in Underwater Communication

Bhadouria

Agrawal

Kumar

2021

Preprint

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Developing a reliable and robust underwater acoustic communication system is a difficult task, due to the complicated nature of the underwater channel, non-stationary noise, and a number of other factors. Indeed, channel estimation or equalization presents numerous challenges in this non-stationary, highly Doppler, multipath environment; as a result, traditional equalizers and PLL-based methods have limited performance. Generally, communication over such time-varying channels is accomplished via packets that contain a prefix/preamble signal for training, a payload containing the actual data, and a silent period for proper alignment. The prefix signal must be designed properly because it is used to estimate the channel and also to determine the start of packet. This paper proposes a novel prefix signal based on the hyperbolic chirp signal, where its Doppler invariance properties enable the extraction of the entire packet even when Doppler and severe multipath are present. Additionally, this proposed prefix enables an efficient and accurate method for fully characterising an underwater channel. The proposed prefix signal is used to estimate the multipath delay and amplitude, and different Doppler scales. Extensive simulations using various channel models are used to determine the proposed method robustness and efficacy under a wide range of conditions. Additionally, the proposed algorithm has been validated on a real-world channel.

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State-of-the-Art Underwater Acoustic Communication Modems: Classifications, Analyses and Design Challenges

Cited by 76 publications

References 54 publications

A Study of Standardizing Frequencies Using Channel Raster for Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks

A Study of Standardizing Frequencies Using Channel Raster for Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensor Networks

Wi-Buoy: An Energy-Efficient Wireless Buoy Network for Real-Time High-Rate Marine Data Acquisition

A Prefix Based Approach for Joint Doppler and Channel Estimation in Underwater Communication

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